The effect of temperature on the beetroot membranes
Aim of the research: The aim of this investigation is to determine what kind of effect will the increasing temperature have on the plasma membrane of a beetroot cell.
Introduction
The beetroot contains a red pigment that is kept in the cells by the membranes. If the membranes are damaged, the pigment “betalain” will leek out.
The amount of pigment that leeks out can be assessed, as “betalain” will colour any water that surrounds the cell. If the water with the beetroot slices is heated at different temperatures, then will the temperature have any affect on the colour of the solution?
Hypothesis
I think that more red pigment will be released as the temperature increases.
When the beetroots slices in the water are heated, the high temperature will provide more kinetic energy.
The increase in energy will make the molecules inside the beetroots slices to move faster. The fast movement will probably cause damage and break the cell membrane allowing the red pigment to vanish out of the cells.
Temperature (C°) Color of beetroot waters Color intensity(arbitrary units)
0 Faint crème color 0.02
20 Darker crème color 0.02
40 Pink with a red mix 0.06
60 dark red 1.00
80 Orange red .65
100 Yellow/orange .14
Table 1: Observations of the colours of beetroot waters from my data (group 5)
Temperature(C° ± 5.0 C°) Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Mean SD
0 0,03 0,01 0,13 0,05 0,02 0,00 0,01 0,04 0,04
20 0,04 0,01 0,06 0,00 0,02 0,01 0,00 0,02 0,02
40 0,09 0,05 0,06 0,15 0,06 0,00 0,03 0,06 0,04
60 1,45 0,56 0,90 0,84 1,00 0,05 0,59 0,77 0,40
80 1,45 0,62 2,00 0,65 0,65 0,74 0,87 1,00 0,49
100...
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... some groups had got different leakage of the pigment in the test tubes with water. It could me improved by taking extra care when cutting the beetroot, however using a different kind of equipment instead of a knife should make the cutting more accurate.
The water baths were well controlled, and the thermometers helped to control the desired temperatures. the water baths I think were accurate enough but having two thermometers in each bath maybe would have helped to be hold the temperature readings more accurate.
We were not given any instructions either to shake or not to shake the test tubes with the coloured solutions before inserting them in the spectrophotometer to read the absorbance. By shaking each test tube a certain number of times before putting it in the spectrophotometer could have improved the accuracy of the of absorbance of the solutions.
Using the calorimeter, we firstly needed to calibrate the machine; to do this we took a tube of distilled water and tested it; we knew that this should measure 0 because distilled water is completely transparent. We could have done this with any known reference sample. Once we had calibrated the machine we could then test the real samples for their transparency, we tested all five of these samples a total of three times each. Between each different concentration of solution sample we had to re calibrate the machine using the distilled water again, so in total we did 20 colourimetry tests. We gained three results for each concentration of sample and then calculated an average from these three results; these are shown in the table below.
However, the increased temperature of the new acid solution was at a greater temperature than the ambient temperature and the temperature of the water. This suggests that some of the results obtained were partially due to the fact that some of the heat energy of the acid was transferred to the water, as well as the hydration of ions present in solution. An improvement would be to create the solutions of desired concentration and allow them to reach thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. This would allow more accurate results and the allow for the assumption that the temperature change observed during the experiment would only be due to hydration of
In the second experiment with the green color, I can safely conclude that the color green in this case is very soluble and we would need longer filter paper, perhaps more time to safely separate the different colors that make up the color green.
... not limited to photoselective ones, with plant responses differing, even among cultivars of the same plant (Stamps, 2008). Because it is a relatively new technology concept, it requires further research to demonstrate and elucidate the effects of coloured shade nets. The above experiment is an example of the research that can be undertaken to confirm the effects of light colour on spinach beet cicla cultivation.
Experiment #1: The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effects of baking soda and light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis of green spinach leave through the observation of floating disk.
(2014) experimentally measured the changes in the honey bee colony performance and fitness due to chronic sub lethal neonicotinoids, thiamethoxam and clothianidin, exposure through diet. The study consisted of 24 honey bee colonies with two different sister-queens from different breeding populations, one from Germany (A. m. carnica) and another from Switzerland (A. m. mellifera). The bees were fed pollen with concentration of 5.0 ppb thiamethoxam and 2.0 ppb clothianidin (Sandrock et al., 2014). The results of the study were such that: there was a decline in the total population of adult bees by 28%, brood by 13%, decline in total production of honey by 29% and total amount of pollen collected by 19%, over two brood cycles of 1.5 months The honey bee colonies were able to recover and successfully survive in the winter of 3.5 months. However, over the one year period, the colony growth declined significantly due to increased queen supersedure and decreased swarming during the next spring (Sandrock et al., 2014). Overall, A. m. mellifera were more vulnerable to the exposure than A. m. carnica. These different results were most likely due to different honey bee ecotypes and differences in their genetics (Sandrock et al., 2014). Therefore, the study suggests that neonicotinoids have negative effects on the honey bee colony performance due to sub lethal
The sugar beet currently grown is far removed from the garden plant. Later the root became a popular vegetable, especially the red type of beet known as beetroot. In the second half of the eighteenth century the chemist Marggraf demonstrated that the sweet tasting crystals obtained from juice of beets and sugar cane were similar, this was the first step in developing beets into an industrial crop for extraction of sugar. Before that time nobody paid much attention to what gave the roots their sweetness. Beets with higher levels of sucrose were selected from a white fodder beet variety. The White Silesian variety is still considered to be the primary source of sugar beet germplasm grown today (Fischer 1989).
The ice treated beets absorbed the refined water for 20 minutes. While sitting tight for test tubes 5 and 6 to cool, we started the hot medications. We removed the beet segment from tube 1 and inundated it in a recepticle of heated water at 70 degrees Celsius. Following 1 minute in the high temp water shower, the beat was come back to test tube 1 and 10.0 mL of refined water was included. Subsequently we chilled off the high temp water shower to 55 degrees Celsius and submerged the beet from the tube 2 for 1 minute. We restored the beet from test tube 2 and included 10 mL of refined water at room temperature. The high temp dilute shower was then cooled to 40 degrees Celsius and test tube three was submerged in the shower for one moment. When we completed we restored the beet to test tube three and included 10 mL of refined water. At last, we cooled the high temp water shower to 20 degrees Celsius and included test tube four for one moment and after that additional 10 mL of refined water to the test tube. The treated beets in tube 1-4 were permitted to absorb the refined water at room temperature for 20
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Photosynthesis is, “the process by which plants convert light energy from the Sun into chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates” thus producing, “food for all living organisms, directly or indirectly” (Zheng). Photosynthesis has been examined in thousands of different ways. Many of these experiments include studying the rate of photosynthesis and pigment accumulation by obtaining plants and then stressing their light and nutrient intake (Okunlola and Adekunle). Photosynthetic pigments reflect and absorb different wavelengths of visible light based off their polarity. In this experiment, we studied photosynthetic pigments, first, by determining polarity and then, by measuring the amount of light of a given wavelength that a pigment absorbs. We used two methods in this experiment, chromatography and spectrophotometry. Chromatography “is a method used to separate mixtures of substances into their components” (lab book) and spectrophotometry is the use of a spectrophotometer to measure transmittance of light through a liquid. We used our knowledge of polarity to predict that since the least polar pigments move the most, pigment 1 is chlorophyll b, pigment 2 is chlorophyll a, pigment 3 is an anthocyanin, pigment 4 is a xanthophyll, and since most polar pigments move the least, pigment 5 is
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· The beetroot piece is then placed into a tube of 5 cm of distilled