Summary
This report is about an incidental finding during slaughter inspection of the heart in a heifer from a feedlot. The lesion, studied by histopathology and immunohistochemistry, resulted composed by several types of heart tissues, all of them immature, disordered and, out of proportion. The most conspicuous was a disperse population of large, vacuolated and PAS positive cells, forming islands, enmeshed in excessive fibrous connective tissue. These cells were identified as abnormal Purkinje fiber-like cells, known as spider cells which resulted markedly positive to desmin, and negative for vimentin, smooth muscle α-actin and myogenin factor 4. Based on characteristic changes and immunoreactivity, the lesion was originally classified as a cardiac rhabdomyoma. The equivalence of this lesion with cardiac hamartoma is inherent, because cardiac rhabdomyomas are considered not a neoplasia but congenital hamartomas. However, contrary to cardiac hamartomas in animals, whose principal component is an abnormal vascular pattern, which was not a main aspect in this lesion, hamartoma was not part of the description. The neovascularization and hypertrophy of tunica media in arteries, recognized in this case was probably a compensatory adaptation of myocardium but appear largely different from reported cases of hamartomas, either in animals and human beings. Other abnormal tisular component was an extensive replacement of myocardium by mature fibrous and adipose tissues. This was interpreted as a clear evidence of dysplasia. Additionally, abnormal cardiomyoblasts organized in tortuous bundles was the latter tisular component. Nonetheless, these cells showed distinctive striations and even intercalated discs. Some of this abnormal myoblasts...
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In this paper, an overview of the components of the circulatory renin-angiotensin system and their productions will be given, along with evidence in support of a cardiac RAS. The local RAS of the heart deviate from the classical pathway in two ways, one being other sources of productions such as myocytes and fibroblasts that differ from renal or neural RAS, and the other being its functions and roles that distinguish it from other tissue RAS. Based on conducted research, the renin-angiotensin system is a critical component that contributes to the progression of heart failure (2). This has spurred further research on suppression of RAS in order to control the rate o...
“Hypoplastic left heart syndrome accounts for 9% of all critically ill newborns with congenital cardiac disease, causing the largest number of cardiac deaths in the first year of life.(2) ” HLHS is a severe heart defect that is present at birth. HLHS combines different defects that result in an underdeveloped left side of the heart. This syndrome is one of the most challenging and difficult to manage of all of the congenital heart defects. Multiple portions on the left side of the heart are affected including the left ventricle, the mitral and aortic valve, and the ascending aorta. These structures are greatly reduced in size, or completely nonexistent causing the functionality of the left heart to be reduced, or non-functional all together.
Rhabdomyolysis is a disease that involves a rupture of skeletal muscle, causing myoglobin, along with electrolytes and other intracellular proteins to leak in to circular system (Bagley et al, 2007). It is the result from the destruction of muscle fibers that make their way into the bloodstream, which take over the renal system hindering the kidneys ability to remove waste resulting in kidney failure (Owens, 2013). Rhabdomyolysis is rare and has not been fully documented. According to Efstratiadis et al, rhabdomyolysis was solely associated with crush injuries, but in recent studies, it appears to be five times more frequent in non-traumatic causes (2007). Damaging electrolyte disorders and acute renal failure may occur, leading to life-threatening situations. Some of the most common signs and symptoms of patients with rhabdomyolysis are colored urine, and muscle weakness is and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS). Rhabdomyolysis may develop in any circumstances where energy demands in muscles exceed the available energy supplies of the body. According to
The science and history of the heart can be traced back as far as the fourth century B.C. Greek philosopher, Aristotle, declared the heart to be the most vital organ in the body based on observations of chick embryos. In the second century A.D, similar ideas were later reestablished in a piece written by Galen called On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body. Galen’s thesis was that the heart was the source of the body’s essential heat and most closely related to the soul. Galen made careful observations of the physical properties of the heart as well. He said “The heart is a hard flesh, not easily injured. In hardness, tension, in general strength, and resistance to injury, the fibers of the heart far surpasses all others, for no other instrument performs such continues, hard work as the heart”(Galen, Volume 1).
...ape formation, movement of cardiac progenitor cells, heart tube, and heart function. A novel development of more specific assays, advance genetic screen efforts will provide new knowledge on cardiac development in the following years. Additionally, because of the zebrafish distinct features and its similarities to vertebrae, the zebrafish might become many researchers preferred model organism to study many mammal organs. Recently, the zebrafish has been used to study mechanisms that cause human cardiac and liver diseases and to model human hereditary and developed cardiac diseases. Due to the increase in sequencing efforts, the developing interest to study human liver and cardiac diseases. Also, the increase of resource and the more availability of the zebrafish model used in clinical and basic researchers involved in studying the liver, as well as cardiac diseases
Canine Heartworm Disease is a serious and potentially fatal disease caused by the parasite Dirofilaria Immitis. The disease can infect over 30 species, including humans, however dogs are the definitive host.
Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy will often have normal thickness of the ventricles with an enlarged right, left, or both ventricular cavities. In the early stages of this disease, there is an initial increase in the stroke volume from the increased force of contraction due to the stretching of the myocardium, which is described by the Frank-Starling mechanism. However, as the disease progresses, the heart loses that compensatory mechanism leading to a decrease in the strength of the contraction of the heart, hence, a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction. There are two types of DCM, primary and secondary. Primary dilated cardiomyopathy are usually idiopathic in nature, however, “approximately 30% of cases” have a “familial transmission pattern.”3(138) Secondary dilated cardiomyopathy, on the other hand, are associated with “alcohol abuse, cocaine abuse, the peripartum state, pheochromocytoma, infectious diseases (human immunodeficiency virus infection), uncontrolled tachycardia, Duchenne’s muscul...
Canine Heartworm Disease -. 01 Jan. 2014. Web. The Web. The Web.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an inherited disease that affects the cardiac muscle of the heart, causing the walls of the heart to thicken and become stiff. [1] On a cellular level, the sarcomere increase in size. As a result, the cardiac muscles become abnormally thick, making it difficult for the cells to contract and the heart to pump. A genetic mutation causes the myocytes to form chaotic intersecting bundles. A pathognomonic abnormality called myocardial fiber disarray. [2,12] How the hypertrophy is distributed throughout the heart is varied. Though, in most cases, the left ventricle is always affected. [3] The heart muscle can thicken in four different patterns. The most common being asymmetrical septal hypertrophy without obstruction. Here the intraventricular septum becomes thick, but the mitral valve is not affected. Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy with obstruction causes the mitral valve to touch the septal wall during contraction. (Left ventricle outflow tract obstruction.) The obstruction of the mitral valve allows for blood to slowly flow from the left ventricle back into the left atrium (Mitral regurgitation). Symmetrical hypertrophy is the thickening of the entire left ven...
In 1995 Levin and Johnson et al began studying the embryo of chicks, with particular interest in the genes surrounding the node, including Sonic Hedgehog. Through the use of in situ hybridisation, fluorescent cell labelling, activin bead implants between the endoderm and ectoderm, followed by the implantation of either an SHH-expressing retrovirus or a control cell pellet that acted as the control (Levin & Johnson et al, 1995). This led to the discovery of nodal in the chick embryo, which Levin concluded could be responsible for asymmetry in the formation of the heart (Levin & Johnson et al, 1995). He also discovered that activin expressed on the right side, and SHH expressed on the left side led to the reversal of organ asymmetry, and that it was a casc...
Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (feline HCM) in Maine Coons is a very serious myocardial disorder that often leads to sudden death due to heart failure. The Maine Coon (American Longhair) is the largest and oldest natural breed of domestic cat in North America with a distinct appearance with a lion-like ruff and a tail that resembles a raccoon’s and is good at hunting. HCM is when “a primary structural disorder of the myocardium; characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy… no symptoms to sustained palpitations, heart failure and sudden cardiac death” (2013). This is caused by a mutation of P.A31P in the cMyBP-C (myosin binding protein C) gene and these being the first non-human cases “feline familial HCM provides a valuable model
The heart serves as a powerful function in the human body through two main jobs. It pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body and “blood vessels called coronary arteries that carry oxygenated blood straight into the heart muscle” (Katzenstein and Pinã, 2). There are four chambers and valves inside the heart that “help regulate the flow of blood as it travels through the heart’s chambers and out to the lungs and body” (Katzenstein Pinã, 2). Within the heart there is the upper chamber known as the atrium (atria) and the lower chamber known as the ventricles. “The atrium receive blood from the lu...
Steen, Grant R. and Joseph Mirro. Childhood Cancer: A Handbook From St.Jude Children's Research Hospital . Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publisher, 2000.
2005) Local RAAS has been implicated as a key player in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Intrarenal RAAS is activated early in diabetic nephropathy, the leading cause of CKD.(Siragy and Carey 2010) Intracardiac RAAS may contribute to myocardial hypertrophy and remodeling.(Hayashida et al. 1993) Production of Aldosterone and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and selective downregulation of specific angiotensin II receptors has been observed in the failing heart(Mizuno et al. 2001)(Silvestre et al. 1999) (Asano et al. 1997)(Haywood et al. 1997)(Zisman et al. 1998). In addition to their direct effects, RAAS elements may also have indirect pathological effects through influencing factors like sympathetic activity(Grassi et al. 1997)(Dibner-Dunlap et al. 1996)(Latini 2002) level of kinins(Witherow et al. 2001), endothelial function(Hornig et al. 1998)(Clavell et al. 1996), and/or cytokine levels. (Gullestad et al. 1999)(Tsutamoto et al.
The first step was to obtain the White Rat and to tie it in the supine position, anterior surface facing up in side the dissection pan. To tie the animal, we used butcher’s twine and secured the front and hinds legs using a “lasso” technique, careful not touch the sharp claws. To make the first insicion I had to locate the Xifoid Process of the rat (distal aspect of the sternum). Once I had located the Xifoid Process, I had to use forceps to pull the skin of the animal’s abdomen up and use the scissors to cut. The first incision is made from stem to sternum, cutting through the errectos abdomen muscle down to the groin. The second incision ion is perpendicular to the first below the diaphragm. Because of this technique we were able to open the abdominal cavity first. The third and forth incisions were made bilaterally above the legs. The last two incisions were made in upside down “V” shape on the collarbone, to expose the thoracic cavity. This dissection was both sharp, because of the use of the scissors and scapel and blunt because of the use of the probe and forceps to move organs and skin to expose other organs not yet identified.