The Labrum (Shoulder & Hip)
A labrum is a type of cartilage found in both the shoulder joint and in- between the pelvis and the femur (Shoulder: Torn Labrum, Palo Alto Medical Foundation).
The labrum has two basic functions that take place in both the hip and the shoulder. The first function of the labrum is to excavate the socket so that the ball stays secure. Ligaments are small structures that keep the ball in the socket; these are the harnesses that reach and attach each of the bones. These small structures hold the bones closer together. The other way the ball is kept inside and attached to the socket is the labrum. The labrum is a thick tissue or type of cartilage that is attached to the rim of the socket and essentially forms a cushion of comfort in between the two bones. This is what then deepens the socket and helps keep the ball in place (Shoulder Joint Tear - Glenoid Labrum Tear, American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons).
Sometimes, in individuals where the labrum is too small, torn due to an injury, or from excessive use, the ball may slide part or all the way out of the socket. In this case, it would be a shoulder dislocation. The labrum goes all the way around the socket and in most areas is firmly and tightly attached to the bone inside the socket. In some areas the labrum is not tightly attached, and only recently have doctors pin pointed which parts are normal and which parts are a direct reflect tearing of the labrum (A Patients Guide to Labral Tears, Methodist Orthopedics & Sports Medicine). Tearing the labrum is a very easy and painful thing to do.
The second function of the labrum is to act as an attachment of other structures or tissues around the joint. Therefor, the ligaments that help to bind the joint ...
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...t muscles; the Subscapularis, Teres Minor, Infraspinatus and Supraspinatus. When the ball of the humerus meets with a sharp hit against the socket of the glenoid during activities, it begins to rub against the labrum and causes it to slowly tear. This can occur through many different types of physical activities, such as throwing and swinging. It can even happen if the shoulder dislocates during physical activity.
Throwing athletes or weightlifters can experience glenoid labrum tears because of the repetitive rotating shoulder motion. A labrum tear can occur while during sports, or in one’s regular daily life. The movements of swinging, lifting, throwing and grabbing often times result in these sorts of symptoms. The shoulder is a ball and socket joint where the arm meets the body. A part of the scapula, called the glenoid, builds up the socket of the shoulder.
Many factors like patients age, symptoms, size of the tear, and nature of onset (traumatic or degenerative) are responsible for determining the prognosis of the physical therapy treatment 9. Since it’s a partial thickness tear of the rotator cuff, the non-operative treatment is reasonable unlike, a full thickness tear where surgery will be required to treat the patient 9. The patient shows symptoms of moderate irritability without significant functional deficit which makes him a good candidate for conservative treatment 10. The pain reported by the patient is 6/10 so the patient participates well in physical therapy exercise to increase shoulder strength, and flexibility. There was a study done from Finland which asserted that physical therapy alone can produce results which are equal to those produced by arthroscopic surgery and open surgical repair in cases of rotator cuff tears 11. In this case, with three weeks of physical therapy the patient has showed a decrease in pain and reported it as 4/10 on pain rating scale and showed improvements in abduction (140̊) and external rotation (65̊). The MMT for shoulder abduction was 4-/5 and external rotation is still same as
The elbow is a hinge joint, moving in only one dimension (flex or extend), making it relatively simple from an architectural and functional standpoint. The humerus bone in the upper arm connects to the two bones of the forearm by means of various connective tissues. For a pitcher, one of the most important of these connections is the unlar collaterial ligament (UCL). The UCL offers much of the stability that is necessary for the elbow to withstand the extreme stresses created by throwing a baseball at high velocity. Its function is to stabilize against lateral forces and to keep the arm connected across the joint space.
Also adding to the joints stability are the two major pairs of ligaments: the cruciates and the collaterals. The medial and lateral collateral ligaments have a stabilizing effect in a lateral plane of motion, helping to prevent sideward displacement and over-rotation. The medial collateral attaches the femur to the tibia, also attaching to the medial meniscus. The lateral collateral attaches the femur to the fibula but has no attachment to the lateral meniscus. Both collaterals lie slightly posterior to the lateral axis of the knee joint and are taut when the knee is full extension. This positioning of the ligaments causes a slackness when flexion occurs, allowing medial and lateral rotation to take place.
When comparing rotator cuff tears from the common people and athletes, they are much more common when a person is physically active in sports. An injury in the rotator ...
Labral tears can occur either above or below the midline of the glenoid cavity. A SLAP lesion (involving the superior labrum, in a front to back direction) involves a labral tear occurring above the midline of the socket. There are different types of Labral tears, they include the following: A Bankart lesion involves a labral tear below the midline of the socket. This type of tear also affects the glenohumeral ligament. A different type of labral tear, which is rare, is a rear labral tear. Rear labral tears develop over time and are often accompanied by partial rotator cuff tears.
To understand the importance of the ACL, the knee as a whole must be examined. The knee is formed by the femur, the tibia, and the patella. Several muscles and ligaments control the motion of the knee and protect it from damage at the same time. Ligaments are dense structures of connective tissue that fasten bone to bone and stabilize the knee. Two ligaments on either side of the knee, called the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, stabilize the knee from side-to-side. The ACL along with the posterior cruciate ligament are of a pair of ligaments in the center of the knee joint that form a cross. T...
The suspensory ligament is found down the back of the cannon bone that starts just below the knee or hock and splits into two parts that pass around the back of the ankle and end on the front of the long pastern bone. Acute front suspensory ligament injuries are most commonly found in eventers and jumpers due to the speed and the increasing load on the forelimbs from jumping and the chance of misstep.
The surfaces of the joint are organised to allow only back and forth motion such as bending and straightening. This type of joint can be found between your upper arm and your lower arm, in the elbow. This type of joint is incredibly important as it allows an up and down movement, without this type of joint, we wouldn’t be able to move our arm up and down. Muscles are attached to this type of joint by tendons to allow it to contract and relax and be able to move the bone within this joint. Ligaments attach the bones in a hinge joint together, for example, the humerus and the tibia are joined by ligaments but they also have antagonist muscle pairs attached to them by tendons which allow the bone to move by contraction and relaxation of the muscles.
The main function of the coccyx is to serve as a place of attachment for some crucial muscles and ligaments. It also serves as a weight-bearing structure along with the...
Ligaments are tough, non-stretchable fibers that hold bones together. Damage to cruciate ligaments, which crisscross the knee to give it stability, is one of the most common sports injuries. The “tear” occurs from changing direction rapidly, slowing down from running, or landing from a jump improperly. The A.C.L tear is one injury that worries athletes in all sports at all levels because of its devastating effects. People ages 15-25 that participate in basketball and other sports that require pivoting are especially at risk.
There are many injuries in general, but sports injuries? Sprains and Strains are the most common injuries in sports. “Sprains are injuries to ligaments, the tough bands connecting in a joint. Suddenly stretching ligaments past their limits deforms or tears them” (Hoffman 1). Ligaments are like springs in a sense that when you stretch a spring, it will return to it’s normal state unless they are
In order to understand how the menisci can be injured, you must understand the basic anatomy of the menisci and why they are important. The menisci are two oval (semilunar) fibrocartilages that deepen the articular facets of the tibia and cushion any stresses placed on the knee joint. They enhance the total stability of the knee, assist in the control of normal knee motion, and provide shock absorption against compression forces between the tibia and the femur (Booher, 2000). Articular cartilage covers the ends of the bones that make up the joint. The articular cartilage surface is a tough, very slick material that allows the surfaces to slide against one another without damage to either surface. This ability of the meniscus to spread out the force on the joint surfaces as we walk is important because it protects the articular cartilage from excessive forces occurring in any one area on the joint surface, leading to degeneration over time (Sutton, 1999).
The knee joint is extended when in the standing position, to stabilize this joint the biceps femoris, semi-mebranosus, semi-tendonosus (hamstrings) and the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius and vastus medialis (quadriceps) co-contract isometrically.
Rotator cuff tear – The muscles adjoining the shoulder joint are required for rotating the shoulder, amid other movements. The tendons of these muscles furthermore influence the structural strength of the shoulder joint. Harsh, rapid actions, for example in tennis and baseball, can result in tearing of one of these tendons. This then causes pain as well as a decline in range of motion. Surgery possibly will be necessary to repair a torn
The Spleen by Anne Finch, the Countess of Winchelsea, presents an interesting poetic illustration of depression in the spleen. The spleen for Finch is an enigma, it is mysterious, shape-shifting, and melancholic. Melancholy leads the subject to flashes of a grander, terrifying emotion: the sublime. The subject of Finch’s Pindaric ode experiences the sublime, and yet has the uncanny ability to reflect and reason on the feeling with acuity--even though the subject suffers from depression, which in effect dulls sensory information. The fact that she intensely perceives the sublime suggests a paradox where dulled senses can produce a penetrative emotional episode. To understand the paradox, the theory of the sublime and Finch’s engagement with the sublime in The Spleen must be traced to conceive the state of the dulled mind in the thrall of an infinite, and transcendent wave of emotion. The focus of this essay is that Finch understands that Dullness, as a by-product of depression, enables rational thought during a sublime experience. Furthermore, she thus illustrates her experience through images where she emphasizes her sensory information and her feelings, which were supposedly numbed by depression. Her feelings, indicated in The Spleen, are the crux to how Finch is able to simultaneously feel numb, and process the sublime.