their melting point. Once the extraction takes place, the compounds are purified by recrystallization, which allows one to identify them by using their melting point. The extraction takes place using a separatory funnel and the original, organic solvent ethyl acetate. In the separatory funnel HCl was used to obtain the acidic extract and NaOH was used to get the basic extract. Throughout the extractions, the separatory funnel is inverted and shaken under the fume hood for 10 minutes to maximize the
implementation of AMOCO process [28-31]. In AMOCO process, the oxidation of para-xylene was conducted using a combination of three ions as a homogeneous catalyst which is cobalt, manganese and bromide ions. Acetic acid and oxygen/air were used as solvent and oxidant, respectively [32]. The common bromide ion sources are hydrobromic acid (HBr) and sodium bromide (NaBr). The oxidation operated at 175-225°C and 15-30 bar of oxygen. The terephthalic acid formed mostly in the form of solid due to the low
(electron pair acceptor) with an attached leaving group. This experiment was a Williamson ether synthesis usually SN2, with an alkoxide and an alkyl halide. Conditions are favored with a strong nucleophile, good leaving group, and a polar aprotic solvent. Mixed
benzoic acid. Post-Lab Questions: 1. From the trends in the data, seek to draw conclusions about the following variations in the procedure and how they affect the yield and the purity of the recovered benzoic acid. a. a larger solvent volume, b. a smaller solvent volume, c. a more rapid cooling time. I averaged all of the temperature ranges from the first part of the experiment and found this to be 107-113oC, with an average percent yield of
the polarity of solvents is extremely important. This lab uses TLC plates, five solvents (hexane, toluene, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and acetone), and small evaporating dishes to determine which solvent would be best to use in column chromatography. The least polar solvent is hexane, which has a polarity index of 0.1. Toluene has a polarity index of 2.4, while ethyl acetate’s is almost twice that at 4.4. By comparing the polarity indexes, you can tell what solvent will separate your
isolate pure solids from a supersaturated solution leaving the impurities in the solvent (1). The solid containing the impurities is placed in a hot solvent and upon cooling the compound precipitates to its purified form while the impurities are left behind in the solvent (1). There are six steps when it comes to undergoing a recrystallization of a solid. The first step is choosing a suitable recrystallization solvent. This step is crucial when it comes to executing a successful recrystallization
salicylic acid and acetic anhydride with the presence of an acid catalyst produced acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and acetate. Purification of the crude aspirin was done through a technique called crystallization, wherein both the single solvent and mixed solvent
by adding a strong acid or base, which allows it to become more polar and move between solvents. The solvents can then be extracted off, allowing for the individual components to be extracted. This is important for organic chemists, because being able to separate components allows for reactions to take
the mixture in a centrifuge tube (1) and shaken until the mixture completely dissolved (2). Diethyl ether is the best solvent for dissolving the mixture, because though it is a polar molecule, its ethyl groups make it a nonpolar solvent. The compounds, fluorene and 1, 4-dibromobenzene, are also nonpolar; therefore, it would be easier for it to be dissolved in this organic solvent. Once the mixture had been completely dissolved, the solution was transferred to a separatory funnel. The solution was
a success yielding 98.8% of the initial 1.34g of known compounds. Looking at Table 1 the problem of separation quickly becomes apparent, both M-Toluic Acid and Acetanilide are insoluble in water. This left two non-salts in one mixture, and what solvent to use to separate these two was the most important question as their respective melting points are also very similar. After looking at both compounds and noticing the M-Toluic Acid (Image 2) had an OH group hanging off of it next to a double bond
purpose of each step. -Selection of solvent – The correct solvent must be selected to form a product of high purity and in good recovery. The solvent must fit some criteria. The desired compound should be soluble in the hot solvent but insoluble in the cold solvent. The impurities should be insoluble in all temperatures of the solvent or slightly soluble in a cold solvent. The boiling point of the solvent should be low enough to remove the crystals. The solvent should not react chemically with the
surface. It also allows the paint to have a continuous, unbroken film by flowing under the effect of surface tension. This gives the car a smooth, glossy finish. * The solvent in paint aids the transfer of paint between the container and the surface (when being sprayed) because the paint polymer is dissolved in it. The solvent helps the paint flow while it dries and then evaporates. This causes health and environmental problems. When painting cars three different layers of paint are applied
theoretical Kf value the results were as predicted. Potential sources of this higher Kf could have resulted from combining too much or too little solvent or solute, which would potentially raise the Kf, or contamination of the substances would impact the intermolecular forces at play. If this lab were repeated, assuring the measurements of the solute and solvent were accurate would provide more exact results, given that freezing point depression is a colligative property. Another potential way to receive
In procedure A, one must know what an electrolytes is, which is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent, in this case water is the solvent. Based on the results of the experiment it is can be concluded that the sodium chloride solution best conduct electricity. This is due part by ions being separated into Na+ and Cl- ions from the original NaCl. In other words NaCl(s) becomes Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq). In doing so allows electricity to flow in
During the time spent dissolving something, there is a solute and a solvent. The substance that is being disintegrated Known as solute and the substance that is doing the dissolving Known as Solvent. For instance, sugar is said to be a solute and water is a solvent . With this idea, solubility can be comprehend on a more particular level. Solubility is known not the most extreme measure of solute that can be disintegrated in a solvent at harmony. Equilibrium is the point at which the convergences of
chromatography. In planar chromatography, the stationary phase is applied on a flat surface and movement of mobile phase is due to the capillary action. The stationary phase is normally a polar absorbent and the mobile phase can be a single solvent or combination of solvents. Adsorption is a concentration dependent process and adsorption coefficient is not constant, in contrast to partition coefficient (liquid/liquid chromatography). Hence, if the concentration of sample is more than the absorptive capacity
Extraction is a method used to separate organic compounds from mixtures. The theory of Acid-Base Extraction states most organic compounds are more soluble in organic solvents than in water. However, if the organic compound is rendered ionic, it becomes more soluble in water than in the organic solvent (Schaller). Because the two solvents are immiscible, they will form two layers which allows for separation of the lower layer using a separatory funnel. The name “Acid-Base Extraction” is given to this
The purpose of this lab was to experiment with various ways to separate mixtures into its pure components. Depending on whether a mixture is homogeneous or heterogeneous, mixtures can be separated by physical means and their physical properties. In this lab, we used chromatography, which is a technique that uses the differences in physical properties and intermolecular forces of the components in a mixture to separate them. Although there are different forms of chromatography, they all have a stationary
The effect of intermolecular forces on rate of solubility Introduction Solubility is a chemical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. When learning of this in class, the basics of this topic was explored, yet there was no deep exploration of it which intrigued me. For this IA, I am interested in delving into the factors which affect solubility, in this case I want to see the relationship between dipole moments and solubility. Each compound
sludge and certain additives , the properties of lube oil can be modulated to produce a good quality re usable oil. 1.4.1 Recycle of used lube oil: With so much efforts ,that are being made in field of re-refining of used lube oil, the process like solvent extraction , vacuum distillation , acid refining, adsorption has emerged as more efficient ones with help of intensive study done on used oils and comparison to standard grade oils 1.4.2 Used Oil Mortier et al . in 1992 described that used lube