population in which it will be used (Aranda-Gallardo, et al. 2013; Lalkhen & McCluskey, 2008). The only way to really determine the best risk assessment tool for a specific purpose and population is to test the tool or tools and calculate sensitivity, specificity, prevalence, and predictive values, so a decision can be made based upon current and relevant evidence, specific to the needs of the unit or organization. The purposes of this paper are to describe how to assess the validity of risk assessment
Introduction Depression is a mood disorder affecting the way an individual feels, thinks, behaves and can affect social and occupational functioning (Canadian Medical Association CMA, 2013). Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), 2002 reports approximately 8% of Canadian adults will experience major depression at some time in their lives and that it is the leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was chosen for this critique to improve knowledge
In Adolphs’s study, bilateral damage to the amygdala resulted in worsened memory for gist memory sensitivity but better memory for visual details. The results suggested that the amygdala plays a role in processing relevant information from stimuli (Adolphs, Denburg, & Tranel, 2001). Gist memory refers to the categorical memory and detail memory refers to the specificity of a memory. Memory is such a crucial part of our survival and learning process that it has been a heavily studied
reliable results. In order to introduce new tests into this routine, we must first determine the sensitivity and specificity of the potential test. Sensitivity is the ability of a test to identify true positives within a population. In a clinical setting, the sensitivity of the test determines its ability to correctly identify a patient with a disease. This can be displayed as a formula: Sensitivity=True positives/True Positives+ False negatives True positives are the number of patients within
Fall is sudden, unpredicted, unintentional occurrence resulting in-patient landing on ground or at lower level. Falls and fall related injuries incur cost for the patient as well as the health cares system. The fall has a significant impact in patient quality of life and usually fall has many reasons to happen. Thus, preventing falls among patients in healthcare settings requires a complex approach, and recognition, evaluation and prevention of patient falls are significant challenges. Falls are
motor path... ... middle of paper ... ... for assessing postoperative sensory function. It is important to note some of the strengths and limitations of SEPs. The strengths of SEPs are that it allows for continuous monitoring, has excellent specificity, and can be used with neuromuscular blocking agents(11). A limitation of SEPs is that it requires temporal summation of neural signals that enter the spinal cord. Recorded data are based on calculated averages, so it may take several minutes after
highlighted the importance of a systemic approach and advocated the use of EWS to efficiently identify and response to pa... ... middle of paper ... ...ways the case as many studies have failed to validate these systems, some revealing poor sensitivity, poor positive predictive value and low reproducibility (Gao et al 2007; Smith et al 2008; Subbe et al 2007; Jansen et al 2010). Considering the conflicting findings amongst the different EWS, it remains unknown whether these scoring systems are
results with high sensitivity and specificity.24 In a study for comparison of conventional method AFB smear with PCR technique for detection Tuberculosis conducted in Sudan at 2004 , showed microscopic sensitivity was 65% and the specificity was 90.5%,Whereas sensitivity of PCR was 88.5% and specificity was 98.6 %.They concluded that though PCR sensitivity was 13.1% higher than smear microscopy .25 In a recent study, the diagnostic role of XpertMTB/RIF demonstrated sensitivities of 98.2% and 72.5%
“It is reported to have a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 76% for the identification of excessive, i.e. problem, drinking and a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 77% for the identification of alcoholism” (Williams, 2014). One study was done in a Belgium primary care setting. The study looked at the comparison of the CAGE questionnaire with other blood parameters that may indicate alcoholism. The questionnaire had a sensitivity range between 68% to 93% of men that were
that sensitivity and specificity of CT angiogram was greater than 90% in detecting stenosis, calcification or occlusion (Suzuki & Tanaka 2013). Moreover Pollak et al (2012) has proved that the accuracy of diagnostic performance was greater than 95%, sensitivity of 99% and specificity at 97% and no evidences of decreased performance down to popliteocrural branches. Regardless of the location, accurate characteristics can be assessed in aortoiliac vessels with sensitivity 96%, and specificity 98%,
of Wiltshire and Berkshire, Thetford Forest in Norfolk, the Yorkshire Moors, and the Scottish Highlands are areas of the United Kingdom with a high p... ... middle of paper ... ...f the cure course can be clarified by the tremendously high sensitivity of PCR, that can spot only a few DNA copies; and the postulation that spirochetes that were Protected in sequestered sites was accessible to the drugs only after treatment, thus discharging DNA at that time.An important factor is that PCR frequently
1. Introduction Cryptorchidism or undescended testis (UDT) is the most common genital disorder identified at birth. The main reasons for treatment of cryptorchidism include increased risks of impairment of fertility potential, testicular malignancy, torsion and/or associated inguinal hernia [1]. Approximately 1% of males have undescended testes, 80% of them are clinically palpable and 20% are non-palpable. The term ‘nonpalpable testes’ implies that they cannot be detected on physical examination;
regards to MRI, the combined values of the three tests (locking, Giving way and McMurray) were as follows: 88,90,90 for accuracy, 96, 97,97 for sensitivity, 74,76,74 for specificity, 87,88,88 for PPV and 90, 94,94 for NPV. The study determined that MRI shows a higher accuracy in comparison to giving way, locking and McMurray tests in regards to NPV and sensitivity. A combination of the other three tests seems appropriate for the diagnosis of the meniscal lesion. As informed by these results, there is
USE OF HEMOGLOBIN A1C TO DIAGNOSE DIABETES Introduction In 2009 the International Expert Committee, which consisted of experts from the American Diabetes Association (ADA), the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, and the International Diabetes Federation, released a report that recommended the use of Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to diagnose diabetes (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2013; International Expert Committee, 2009). HbA1c is a widely used marker of chronic glycemia, because
occurs, this suggests that the enzyme-linked antibodies were bound to human antibodies, which in turn, implies that the patient had antibodies to the viral antigen (Lennette et al, 1987). One disadvantage of the single antibody system is its reduced sensitivity as the signal is not ... ... middle of paper ... ...et formation as it can contribute towards both hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelet formation can also contribute to inflammation which includes immune-mediated inflammation and the development
be present in the samples. The concentration of the water sample using filtration increased the sensitivity of the method, but not the specificity. According to several studies, filtration brings about a reduction in detectable Legionellae of 16-91% (Brindle et al., 1987; Boulanger and Edelstein, 1995; Ta et al., 1995). While the decontamination with acid buffer and heat, which increased the specificity to Legionella, lead to a decrease in isolated Legionellae between 5 and 99% (Boulanger and Edelstein
Accuracy, Precision and Specificity of the BP method for the finished product. According to the findings of the performed full method validation, the specificity old method (BP one) was not specific, which means an overlap of the API peak with another component in the sample (could be excipient or degradation product) resulted in over estimation of the API content and therefore always obtaining high assay results. The 5 rejected batches could have been saved as specificity is one of the required APC
Many different forms of Domestic Violence exist. Most people believe there is a stereotype for abused women, but it exists in all races, religions, and economic classes. There is a lack of screening in women with Domestic Violence in the United States. Furthermore, there are not clear, effective screening tools used consistently in the health care setting when providers are performing screening on domestic abuse in women. The Transition Theory by Afaf Ibrahim Meleis can be applied to domestic violence
Introduction: Lung cancer is one of the wide spread cancers related death in the world (1). The most widely recognized destinations of metastatic spread in lung cancer are the adrenal organs, cerebrum, bones and liver. Bone metastasis is a type of cancer where cancer cells starts from an organ and then break, enter the bloodstream, and move to the bone. Studies showed that bone metastasis is already found in 20-30% of patient when the initial diagnosis of lung cancer is occurred. This percent becomes
Introduction Although some infections are unique enough to be identified clinically, usually microbiologic laboratory methods are needed to identify the etiologic agent and diagnose microbial infection (Washington, J.A., 1996). Although we have made significant progress in our ability to diagnose and treat infectious diseases, they still remain a strong challenge to human survival, for example the disease Tuberculosis caused by a microbial infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis accounted for one