X-RAY LASER AND APPLICATIONS 1. Introduction Laser devices are popular technologies with large application in daily life and of crucial importance in the industry and modern research Labs. The fundamental idea of a Laser system emerged back in 1917 from a work by Einstein [1]. Basically, Einstein realized that an inversion of population from lower energy level to upper energy level of an atom could result in the amplification of incoming radiation. However, the first Laser system was only built in 1960 by Theodore Maiman [2]. Maiman’s system consisted of an energy source that pumped atoms in a ruby crystal to higher energy levels. At a certain energy level, the excited atoms started emitting photons. These newly created photons stimulated the emission of other identical photons in a continuous process that amplified the light intensity. To continue the stimulation process and light amplification, Maiman placed a perfect reflecting silver mirror on one end of the apparatus and a semi-reflecting silver mirror on the other end. With this construction the photons could bounce back and forth between the mirrors until they gained enough intensity to escape through the semi-reflecting mirror with same frequency, same direction, same phase and same polarization. Soon after, in the 1970’s, the technology became commercially available in retail stores around the world, with the inventions of the laser printer in 1971 and the barcode scanner in 1974 bursting popularity. Laser technology became commonplace in pointers, players, and many other devices. A laser system is a quantum system with three major components: an optical resonator (typically a set of two parallel mirrors), a gain medium which usually is a gas, and an energy sour... ... middle of paper ... ...oc/slac-pub-14251.pdf) The LCLS operating as an x-ray laser produces intense, coherent emission. It generates laser with wavelength of 0.15 nm. The undulator hall at LCLS has 132 meters. The result radiation pulses so fast that is possible to observe chemical reactions dynamically, ie, it is possible to make a video of a chemical reaction. Also, it makes possible to visualise the movement of macromolecules in cellular level. Colocar photo do SLAC LINAC mostrando que o ultimo kilometro e para o LCLS. 4.0. Atomic X-Ray Lasers A group of scientists leaded by Nina Rohringer . Conclusion References [1] Einstein, A. “On the quantum theory of radiation.” Phys. Z 18 (1917) 121-128. [2] Maiman, T. H. “Stimulated optical radiation in ruby.” Nature 187 (1960) 493-494. [3] G. Chapline and L. Wood. “X-ray lasers,” Phys. Today 40-8 (June 1975)
5th Feb, 2014. Wolf, Johnathan. " The Spotlights." Wolf, Johnathan. AP Physics B. Barron’s:
allowed the user to actually move atoms by using a feeler with an extremely small, sharp needle
Laser is an acronym used for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser treatment is a procedure used to cure skin problems with a strong beam of light. Experienced cosmetologists and dermatologists use this new technology to cure many ailments.
Research on application of laser in dentistry began when Ralph H Stern & Reider F Sognnaes1(1963) of Los Angeles School of Dentistry, University of California studied thermal effect of ruby laser on dental hard tissues & restorative materials. Since then there had been attempts to utilize the benefits of laser in each and every field of dentistry. Laser may be used in dentistry effectively for their ability to incise, cut and ablate soft and hard tissues. In 1965, Leon Goldman first reported the case of laser exposure to a vital human tooth2.
In chapter seven we learned about the electron structure of an atom. We learned about the Bohr model, electromagnetic energy, and many other related topics. In this essay I will explain in further detail what light really is and how we describe it. I will describe the behavior of electrons in both a hydrogen atom and all atoms. I will explain the arrangement of the elements in the periodic table, state which electrons are chemically important in atoms, and lastly I will describe the properties of atoms and their relation to their electron arrangements. The information provided will be my interpretation of the chapter, and my outlook on what this chapter was about.
Lauginie, P. n.d. Drummond Light, Limelight: a Device in its Time. [e-book] Université Paris-Sud, France: Groupe d’Histoire et de Diffusion des Sciences d’Orsay (GHDSO). http://archive.ihpst.net/2013/Procs/Lauginie.pdf [Accessed: 19 Jan 2014].
Regan unfortunately was not aware that the technology required to make SDI a functioning program did not even exist in the laboratories and almost 10 years of dedicated research would be needed to determine if the laser and ray gun were even po...
Throughout different experiments, scientists have discovered that light behaves as both a wave and a particle in different circumstances. The only way that all of the properties of light can be explained is through the idea of a wave-particle duality.
The image-intensifying tube is extremely intricate and allows for the conversion of the x-ray beam to be converted
states strikes an excited atom, the atom is stimulated, as it falls back to a
Scientists and engineers have been able to enhance our lifestyles by understanding and using the Laws, Concepts and Principles of Optics and how they are applied in Optical Instruments. The key concepts are:
The photoelectric effect has a big effect on our daily lives. It is used in several important technological devices, like solar panels and anti-burglary sensors. The effect was discovered over a long period of time and several scientists’ research contributed to it, but Albert Einstein was the scientists who figured out a correct formula to determine the energy of a photoelectron (the electron that is ejected because of the photon that hits the electron in the atom)
computer. A quantum computer was sold to google for $10,000,000.00 million dollars( citation needed). Many scientists and computer technicians consider quantum computers not commercially viable, but emerging technologies will bring the quantum computer to the populace. While there are several critics, could we theoretically create a quantum computer for $30,000? ( CITATION). This paper examines the current cost of a quantum computer and how it correlates to our world. This paper will also review the physics behind the quantum computer and the history. The quantum computer will be compared to the traditional computer as well as it's advantages and disadvantages that would come if the quantum computer was commercially viable. Some of the issues would be national, international, ecological, privacy or technological concerns.
The importance of physics not only lies in the discoveries of the natural world, but in the technology in our modern lives. Today we use many gadgets in our everyday tasks, which act as convenient aids to all of our needs. Some of these little novelties are cell phones, radios, computers, lasers used in eye surgery, fiber optics used in phone lines, calculators, hearing aids, and even global positioning systems.
Thomas Alva Edison is a very well-known American inventor. He invented about 1093 devices that influenced us greatly, such as light bulb, microphone, telephone receiver, universal stock ticker, phonograph, kinetoscope (used to view moving pictures), storage battery, electric pen, and mimeograph. Edison also improved many other existing devices as well. In the period from 1878 to 1880, Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp. Edison and his associates worked on at least three thousand different theories to develop an efficient incandescent lamp. In 1878, Edison built his first high resistance incandescent electric light. Incandescent lamps make light by using electricity to heat a thin strip of material (called a filament) until it gets hot enough to glow. Many inventors had tried to perfect incandescent lamps to "sub-divide" electric light or make it smaller and weaker than it was in the existing arc lamps, which were too bright to be used for small spaces such as the rooms of a house.Edison's lamp would consist of a filament ho...