( ) describes the use of representative bureaucracy as a political and legislative response to various social, political and administrative problems and challenges (p.240). Formulating and evaluating effective decision-making skills develop effective policies and nation building. According to Nichols, & Erakovich (2013) authentic leaders use the behaviors of idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration in an ethical manner and affect the perception of the follower (p. 183). Thus, in the role of a president these concepts are incorporated to achieve democratic legitimacy.
Some individuals may feel that taking action in democratic governance is a legitimate way to assess ethical behavior. Further, our civil society actions often impact our government moral duties on how a person should behave and even the use of their powers. In this case, United States had been down for its liberty and freedom for many years, but over time the United States became self-loathing.
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Post (2006) states that if democracy requires that citizens experience their government as their own, as representing them, they must experience the state is some way responsive to their values and ideas (p.27). Moreover, I believe that the democratic governance is the foundation of bureaucratic ethics. Bureaucracy addresses public systems, provides structure, and efficient to establish rules and for the way we operate. However, Goodsell (2004) argues that the diversion of bureaucracy is positive although there is a lot of untrusted amongst the administration. In agreement with Goodsell, (2004) he states that the opposed arguments indicate that the bureaucracy has a poor performance are excessive power, and oppression of the individuals. Lastly, ( article) ) proclaims that the government blocks all forms of communication outside of the
Often, when the discussion of American bureaucracy is broached in conversation, those holding these conversations often think of the many men and women who operate behind the scenes within the government. This same cross section of Americans is looked upon as the real power within the federal government and unlike the other branches of government, has little to no oversight. A search of EBSCO resulted in the following definition, an organization “structure with a rigid hierarchy of personnel, regulated by set rules and procedures” (Bureaucracy, 2007). Max Weber believed that a bureaucracy was technically the most efficient form of organization, one structured around official functions that are bound by rules, each function having its own specified competence (2007). This wide ranging group of Americans has operated within the gaps, behind the scenes, all under the three core branches of government: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The division of government into three branches and separate powers gives each branch both exclusive powers and some additional power...
The President should have knowledge, understanding and vision. He should measure each situation with cost-analysis mentality, only pursuing what can be accomplished successfully. The President is actively involved in acquisition of power. Using professional reputation and public prestige, the President can increase bargaining power. By building a record of success, the President can become more influential through presidential persuasion, in policy making, and conserve presidential power.
American foreign policy is usually associated with the prevailing analogy of the United States serving as the world police. When gross human rights violations occur it is often expected that America speaks out and condemn the actions and perpetrators. Its people based republic and democracy is revered and has been suggested and implemented in places where harsh dictatorships and autocracies had previously prevailed. However, in truth, US involvement and its need to push the “only working democracy” in places where countries that are deemed in need of help by the US actually cultivate their own working government's separate from the pressing ideology of the US that are actually successful predating their involvement. And when these differing
Modern Bureaucracy in the United States serves to administer, gather information, conduct investigations, regulate, and license. Once set up, a bureaucracy is inherently conservative. The reason the bureaucracy was initiated may not continue to exist as a need in the future. The need or reason may change with a change in the times and the culture needs. A bureaucracy tends to make decisions that protect it and further it’s own existence, possibly apart from the wishes of the populace. It may not consistently reflect what might be optimal in terms of the needs and wants of the people. Local governments employ most of the United States civil servants. The 14 cabinet departments in the U.S. are run day-to-day by career civil servants, which have a great deal of discretionary authority.
The Federal Bureaucracy is comprised of nearly every department, committee, and agency that makes up the Federal Government. The function of the bureaucracy is to implement laws and policies, define the rules and regulations of how a law works, and institute examinations, permits and licenses. Congress makes the laws and policies in a broad manner and the bureaucrats flesh out the details and minutia of the intent of that law’s maker. The bureaucrats of the specific department etc. may be appointed officials, civil service employees or other federal employees. The persons are typically specialized in a specific field that relates to the committee’s duties and responsibilities and possess more knowledge than the lawmakers, which allows policies
The political culture that defines American politics shows that despite this compromise, America is still very much a democratic society. The very history of the country, a major contributor to the evolution of its political culture, shows a legacy of democracy that reaches from the Declaration of Independence through over two hundred years to today’s society. The formation of the country as a reaction to the tyrannical rule of a monarchy marks the first unique feature of America’s democratic political culture. It was this reactionary mindset that greatly affected many of the decisions over how to set up the new governmental system. A fear of simply creating a new, but just as tyrannic... ...
In this paper, I will be discussing someone who I believe to be a great leader, George W. Bush. I will be using material I have learned from my Survey of Leadership Theory class, such as preparing an analysis discussing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of George W. Bush. In addition, I will be discussing how three different leadership concepts discussed in my class also relate to George W. Bush with examples of each concept.
Persuading others of your vision requires knowledge and a clear strategy (Business Dictionary). Leadership is a natural quality that comes up as responsibility in exchange of having followers with, in return, the followers creating a leader. Concluding that leadership in general cannot be taught, as per the Trait Theory, we argue that it is different characteristics in different situations that result in good leadership. The Trait Theory points out that there is a certain type of person making a good leader, with the decisive factor being: having or not having distinctive qualities of being a leader. Despite that, being an effective leader still can be trained. External and internal influences impact the effectiveness and must be considered in order to succeed. Which leads us to the Behavioural Theory, thinking of what a good leader actually does. Kurt Lewin developed three leadership types such as the autocratic leader who is a maker, someone who makes decisions without consultation with others. Contrasting, the democratic leader who consults with others (a team, for example) before making a decision. Laissez-faire leaders, as the name already indicates, occasionally lets other people make decisions, doesn’t
The president’s accumulation of personal power can make up for his lack of institutional powers. The president must act as the “lubricant” for the other sectors of government in order to preserve order and accomplish business. Neustadt emphasizes the president’s ability to forge strong personal relationships and his or her charisma, indicating that these characteristics affect the president’s ability to persuade. According to Neustadt, a successful president persuades the public, congress, and foreign powers to align their motives and views with him. Two presidents who validate this statement are Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. As two presidents who do not validate this statement, Neustadt cites George W. Bush and Richard Nixon.
Weber’s bureaucracy is at the same time protective and dehumanizing. In 1978, Weber reflected again on its superiority over other systems through its “purely technical superiority over any other form of organization. […] Precision, speed, unambiguity, knowledge of the files, continuity, discretion, unity, strict subordination, reduction of friction and of material and personal costs – these are raised to the optimum point in the strictly bureaucratic administration, and specially in its monocratic form” (Weber, 1978, p. 973). This was, in the end, merely a reiteration of the same stance he had held since the 1940s. Weber places the dehumanizing, autocratic monocracy on a pedestal as superior above all other alternatives: “the monocratic variety
As, Goodnow has iterated the functions of politics communicate and addresses the state’s will however, he articulates that there is no boundaries or limitations to one or more authorities when managing politics, thus eluding to no appointed organization who handles political matters and the interest of the people. Perhaps, a contributing factor to complexities in the political and government systems and the functional roles of politics and administration. Woodrow Wilson essay “The Study of Administration,” he stresses that government systems and methods are in need of great improvement. (Woodrow. 1887) However, Wilson believes politics should be separated from administration, for administration should be a “field of business.” (Woodrow. 1887) Possibly speaking, if administration was separated would politics become more organized and an authority given to
According to Sapru R.K. (2008) p370-371 the traditional ideal of public administration which inclined to be firm and bureaucratic was based on processes instead of outcomes and on setting procedures to follow instead of focusing on results. This paradigm can be regarded as an administration under formal control of the political control, constructed on a firmly ranked model of bureaucracy, run by permanent and neutral public servants, driven only by public concern. In emerging nations the administration was true bureaucracy meaning government by officers. In this perspective Smith (1996) p235-6 perceived that“the bureaucracy controls and manages the means of production through the government. It increases chances for bureaucratic careers by the creation of public figures,demanding public managers, marketing boards.
Post bureaucracy does constitute and advance on bureaucratic organization because it is the answer to the flaws of the bureaucratic system. Post-bureaucracy was aimed to fix the issues with the bureaucratic system. An important feature of post bureaucracy is Trust because it has a lot of advantages. Though it can be costly for the business. Trust refers to a lack of discipline as employees are motivated to do well for the organization. By implying rules it could prove negative for the organizations relationship with its employees and customers. Trust in post bureaucracy is designed so that stakeholders of the organization feel as if they are a vital part and essential to that organizations function. Trust is used to the ensure happiness of all the people related to the organization. A successful occurrence of this is at Homebase where the managers allow staff to issue discounts to customers when appropriate. This trust could easily be betrayed and could be misused and cause Homebase a lot of financial loss if the staff used this to their own advantage. A decline that has been largely attributed to piracy is websites that have illegal movie downloading which lead to a decrease in sales mention veronica mars movie. It is evident from these figures that the ability to download copyrighted material is being abused, and the confidence of organizations has been broken. This conveys that the trust aspect of post bureaucracy is inconsistent.
Traditional public administration is traced back to the works of scholars like Max Weber, Woodrow Wilson and Fredrick Taylor. This form of administration was mostly influenced by Max Weber with his bureaucratic model and theory. Max Weber was a well-known sociologist born in Germany in the year 1864. He came up with his bureaucratic model as a way to try to improve management in organizations. ‘Weber emphasized on top-down control in the form of monocratic hierarchy that is a system of control in which policy is set at the top and carried out through a series of offices, whereby every manager and employee are to report to one person in top management and held accountable by that manager’ (Pfiffner, 2004, p. 1).
Politics-Administration Dichotomy essentially has a two part meaning; there are two functions of government for this idea, as the name implies politics, and administration. The argument about the dichotomy between politics and public administration has been around for several years with no overall consensus on why they should be distinct from one another. Looking critically at both sides of the idea, there are ways to demonstrate an accurate presentation of the administrative agencies working and there are also ways they have proved to be inaccurate. There are just as many downfalls to a politicized bureaucracy. There will be more benefits to the politics-administration dichotomy view with the concept put in place by Woodrow Wilson. He simply promotes a clear distinction between politics and administration and supports the idea that they are interdependent of one another, and they require one another for the appropriate balance between democracy and efficiency. The idea of Wilson’s concept will allow agencies to gain the most efficiency through interdependence of politics-administration.