In this experiment we examined myosin, tropomyosin and troponin, and the effects different temperatures have on the shortening of each muscle protein.
A muscle is a bundle of fibrous tissue found in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract. This contraction produces movement in and maintaining the position of body parts. Temperature is directly associated with the effectiveness of muscles movement, with an increased temperature there is also an increased rate of fatigue (temperature at normal). (Sargeant, 1987). A muscle composition contains proteins. Proteins are any class of organic compound that consists of large molecules. These molecules composes of one or more, long chains of amino acids, and are essential in all living organisms. Proteins become denatured when the secondary and tertiary structures are destructed. A muscle is composed of different type of proteins. (Lieber, 2002).
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Tropomyosin (TM) is an essential thin filament protein, which interacts with actin and the Troponin complex to regulate contractile activity. During muscle contraction an increase in Ca2+ (calcium ions) in the myofilament space promotes binding of Ca2+ to Troponin C, which alters the conformational state of TM and facilitates acto-myosin interactions. Tropomyosin consists of two components, Tropomyosin and Troponin (Muthuchamya et.al, 1997). Troponin consists of three components, each of which perform specific functions. Troponin C binds Ca2+, Troponin 1 inhibits the ATPase activity of Actomyosin and Troponin T provides for the binding of Troponin to Tropomyosin. Myosin is a thick filament which are longer in smooth muscles than in skeletal muscles. (Filatov,
When a muscle contracts and relaxes without receiving signals from nerves it is known as myogenic. In the human body, the cardiac muscle is myogenic as this configuration of contractions controls the heartbeat. Within the wall of the right atrium is the sino-atrial node (SAN), which is where the process of the heartbeat begins. It directs consistent waves of electrical activity to the atrial walls, instigating the right and the left atria to contract at the same time. During this stage, the non conducting collagen tissue within the heart prevents the waves of electrical activity from being passed directly from the atria to the ventricles because if this were to happen, it would cause a backflow. Due to this barrier, The waves of electrical energy are directed from the SAN to the atrioventricular node (AVN) which is responsible for transferring the energy to the purkyne fibres in the right and left ventricle walls. Following this, there is a pause before the wave is passed on in order to assure the atria has emptied. After this delay, the walls of the right and left ventricles contract
...st the sacrolemma will depolarized, thus activation potentials along the T-tubules. This signal will transmit from along the T-tubules to sarcroplasmic reticulum's terminal sacs. Next, sarcoplasmic reticulum will release the calcium into the sarcroplasm leading to the next second event called contraction. The released calcium ions will now bind to troponin. This will cause the inhibition of actin and mysoin interaction to be released. The crossbridge of myosin filaments that are attached to the actin filaments, thus causing tension to be exerted and the muscles will shorten by sliding filament mechanism. The last event is called Relaxation. After the sliding of the filament mechanism, the calcium will be slowly pumped back into the scaroplasmic reticulum. The crossbridges will detach from the filaments. The inhibition of the actin and myosin will go back to normal.
Within skeletal muscle there are extremely small structures that form the muscle and allow contractions and movement to occur (epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, fascicles, fiber, sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum and t tubules). These structures all play a role in protecting, connecting and transporting substances throughout the muscle fibers. They are also the main contributors to movement.
James’s biopsy of his right gastrocnemius muscle would have shown a degeneration of the muscle or skeletal fibers due to the lack of dystrophyn. Another microscopic change that would be noticed is the accumulation of white blood cells. White blood cells have a very specific function which is to clear the damaged muscle fibers from the debris. Clearly, due to some of the muscle fibers being damaged other healthy fibers that have not been damaged appear denser. By having damaged muscle fibers, all the work rest upon the healthy fibers making them contract to the fullest due to the fact that the myosin and acting would have to overlap even more to make the muscle work.
Repair after a muscle is damaged happens through the division of certain cells who then fuse to existing, undamaged muscle fibers to correct the damage. Different muscle types take different amounts of time to heal and regenerate after it has been damaged. Smooth muscle cells can regenerate with the greatest capacity due to their ability to divide and create many more cells to help out. While cardiac muscle cells hardly regenerate at all due to the lack of specialized cells that aid in repair and regeneration. In skeletal muscle, satellite cells aid in helping restoration after injury. Along with muscles, tendons are very important structures within the human body, and they to can be damaged. However, tendon repair involves fibroblast cells cross-linking collagen fibers that aid in not only reinforcing structural support, but also mechanical support as well (“Understanding Tendon Injury,” 2005). While quite different from muscle repair, tendon repair involves the similarity of reestablishing d...
Sarcopenia is considered to be the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass and it’s functioning due to aging (Waters, Baumgartner & Garry 2000). It is linked to muscle atrophy which is shortening of the muscle. It can be mostly noticed in fast twitch fibres which usually fatigue easily and provide a larger amount of force in comparison to slow twitch fibres. Sarcopenia is usually ...
The sarcomere is found in structures called myofibrils which make up skeletal muscle fibres. Within the sarcomere there are various different proteins. One of the most significant, myosin is found in the thick filaments of the sarcomere. Although both cells contain myosin, it is important to highlight that smooth muscle cells contain a much lower percentage of myosin compared to skeletal muscle cells. Despite this, myosin filaments in smooth muscle cells bind to actin filaments in a manner similar to that in skeletal muscle cells; although there are some differences. For instance, myosin filaments in smooth muscle cells are saturated with myosin heads so that myosin can glide over bound actin filaments over longer distances, enabling smooth muscle cells to stretch further, whilst in skeleta...
Protein have connection with amino acid to help in functions of: skin, muscle, hair and bones
When eaten, protein is broken down into amino acids. Proteins and amino acids are used for almost every metabolic process in the body, and are the building blocks for every tissue in your body.
Proteins cannot be stored except in eggs and seeds and they form the body's main structural elements and. are found in every cell and tissue. The human body uses proteins for growth and to build and repair bones, muscles, tissue, skin, internal. organs and blood. Hormones, antibodies and the enzymes that regulate.
Proteins are considered to be the most versatile macromolecules in a living system. This is because they serve crucial functions in all biological processes. Proteins are linear polymers, and they are made up of monomer units that are called amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids linked together is referred to as the primary structure. A protein will spontaneously fold up into a 3D shape caused by the hydrogen bonding of amino acids near each other. This 3D structure is determined by the sequence of the amino acids. The 3D structure is referred to as the secondary structure. There is also a tertiary structure, which is formed by the long-range interactions of the amino acids. Protein function is directly dependent on this 3D structure.
The experiment that tested the contractile level of muscle in various solutions used a muscle fiber from rabbit’s muscle. One fiber was detached, put under microscope, and submerged first under ATP and salt solution (KCl and MgCl2), then ATP only solution, and lastly salt only solution [2]. The fiber’s level of contraction was measured in micrometers. Muscle contractile strength and number motor units employed at various force lev...
The muscular system is a very important part of the human body. It has many components and functions, and is the source of the body’s movement. There are roughly 650 muscles in the human body and are different types of muscles. Muscles can either be voluntary or involuntary which means controlled or uncontrolled movement. Muscles have many reasons and in this paper you will widen your knowledge of muscles and their functions as well their diseases and how they help maintain the body.
You've probably heard about how influential protein is to gaining muscle, but it also gives you
Proteins (macronutrient), which are found in animal products, nuts and beans, they help to build new cells, maintain tissue and synthesis new proteins essential for performing basic bodily functions. Proteins are in abundance in the human body and are present in the outer and inner membranes of all living cells (Dummies, 2018). Proteins are essential for building new cells, maintaining tissue and helping new proteins needed for basic bodily function (