“Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, esophagus, and small intestine as a result of an imbalance of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. These acidic digestive juices are secreted by the cells of the stomach. Named for where they are found, “peptic ulcers are a very common and often reoccurring health problem, and it is estimated that more than 20 million Americans will experience a peptic ulcer in their lifetime” (Cleveland).
Gastric ulcers occur on the inside of the stomach. These are often the result of bacterium Heliobacter pylori (H. pylori), which causes stomach infection, inflammation and cancer. Heliobacter pylori produce toxic molecules that weaken the stomach's protective mucus, therefore, making it more susceptible to the damaging effects of gastric acids, and thus producing more acid. According to MedlinePlus, researchers speculate it may be spread by unclean food and water, since it is found in about two-thirds of the world’s population.
Esophageal ulcers are found on the inside of the stomach lining. They occur within the muscular hollow tube called the esophagus, which carries food from the throat to the stomach. In severe cases, when there is a reflux of gastric juices through the cardiac sphincter, it can ultimately perforate and cause severe inflammation of the tissues that surround it, the heart, and tissue between the lungs.
Duodenal ulcers are the most common, occurring on the inside of the upper portion of the small intestine called the duodenum. This results when the acid chyme, a semifluid mass of partially digested food, is expelled by the stomach into the duodenum. This chime is not completely neutralized when entering through the pyloric sphincter, thus producing erosions a...
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There are three types of treatments to peptic ulcers antacids, antihistamine, and proton pump inhibitors (PPI). The most important and most effective remedy is the PPI, which is the strongest type of medicine out of the three types. PPIs work by inhibiting the release of protons (hydrogen ions) from the parietal cells (the source of acid secretion) to the lumen of the stomach1. There are many several types of PPI for the purpose of this research we will examine the efficacy of only two Omeprazole and
In addition to its traditional clinical manifestations, GAS can also cause serious invasive disease such as necrotizing fasciitis, colloquially known as the flesh-eating disease. First broadly reported during the Civil War, when it was known as gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis occurs when an individual’s subcutaneous fat and superficial fascia become rapidly necrotic. Though incidence data is limited, one study estimated that, worldwide, there are approximately 660,000 cases of invasive GAS disease per year, with 97% of those cases occurring in low-income populations (4). Many microorganisms other than GAS have been linked with necrotizing fasciitis, including Staphyloccocus aureus, Escherichica coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the disease is often caused by a polymicrobial infection. However, the most well known causative agent in necrotizing fasciitis cases is usually Group A streptococci (6). Although risk factors for necrotizing fasciitis include diabetes, old age, and immunosuppression, nearly half of all infections occur i...
Psychguide (2016). Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Symptoms, Causes and Effects. Retrieved August 20, 2016, from http://psychguides.com
For many years, stomach was thought to be sterile due to its high acidic secretions in the gastric juice(#73) that’s why physicians previously attributed ulcers to stress or anxiety
A pressure ulcer is an area of skin with unrelieved pressure resulting in ischemia, cell death, and necrotic tissue. The constant external pressure or rubbing that exceeds the arterial capillary pressure (32mmHg) and impairs local normal blood flow to tissue for an extended period of time, results in pressure ulcer (Smeltzer et. Al., 2013). According to National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, 2014, pressure ulcers are a major burden to the society, as it approaches $11billion annually, with a cost range from $500 to $70,000 per individual pressure ulcer. It is a significant healthcare problem despite considerable investment in education, training, and prevention equipment. This paper includes two different studies to link cause-effect
Alzheimer’s disease considered a risk factor because of impairment of mental status (Berman&Slon, 2012). Due to their mental status, patients are unaware of prevention of pressure ulcers, which makes them more vulnerable to pressure ulcers. However, the dryness of the skin also considers as risk factors for pressure ulcers. Diabetes mellitus is also a risk factor of pressure ulcers as people with diabetes have sensation lost (Scemons&Elston, 2009). Age is an important risk factor because pressure ulcers are more common among older people as a result of the skin becomes more sensitive and fragile (Bedsores, 2014). Moreover, low blood pressure adds to the risk factor of pressure ulcers, incontinence of urine or feces also considered risk factors. Prolonged surgery, anemia, higher body temperature, and vascular disease are all risk factors for pressure
Belvoir Media Group (2010) realised an article claiming that although pressure on the skin is the focal cause of decubitus ulcers, other factors frequently fund this problem. These factors include; shearing and friction causing the skin to stretch and blood vessels to curve which results in impair blood circulation, Moisture, circulatory problems, age, and people with poor nutrition. It further claims that ulcers can be categorised in different stages (stage 1; being the initial stage, and stage 4; being the most severe), and treatments for ulcers include distinct dressings to be applied to promote healing. Cooper (2013) likewise clarifies that many different factors contributing to the progress of ulcers in supplement to pressure such as moisture, shear and friction. She additionally goes on to say that hydrocolloid dressings do not relieve pressure, nonetheless do reduce friction and shearing of the wound.
1. (2007). What Are Antibiotics? - Medical News Today. Retrieved March 30, 2014, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10278.php.
This is an open sore in the lining of the stomach, intestine or esophagus. Peptic ulcers have different names depending on their location. Such as gastric ulcer which are ulcers in the stomach. Duodenal ulcers are those found in the small intestine, while those found in the esophagus are known as ulcers of the esophagus. Duodenal ulcers are more prevalent that gastric ulcers. While gastric ulcers are found to be more maliglinant than duodenal ulcers. The most common cause of both duodenal and gastric ulcers are H-pylori (Leik, 2014). People with peptic ulcer complain of episodic epigastric pain and burning, which may be short or long term. The signs and symptoms of peptic ulcers are burning sensation or pain in the upper abdominal region, nausea, vomiting, burping and bleeding, which could cause bloody stool. This pain may happen one to three hours after food consumption or when the stomach is empty. The pain may be worse at night or happen intermittently for weeks. It is noted that the peptic ulcer pain may be relieved with food or when antacid is taken. The diagnostic tests for peptic ulcer are blood test to check for H- pylori, stool sample is sent to the laboratory to see if there is blood in the stool, urea breath test is done to check for H- pylori, an upper endoscopy is done to check if there is any problem with the digestive system, upper GI x-ray is obtained to check the pictures of the stomach and intestines (Micromedex, 2016). The treatment for peptic ulcer also depends on the cause. If H-pylori is identified, triple therapy is indicated, which is Biaxin, amoxicillin and proton pump inhibitor (PPI)for 6-8 weeks in order to allow the ulcers to heal. Quadruple therapy may also be indicated, which are, Bismuth Subsalicylate, Flagyl, tetracycline and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) for 4- 6 weeks or longer (Leik, 2014). However, if the condition is not caused by H- pylori, lifestyle changes is recommended,
For the process of formulating a PICO question I have narrowed down to five questions pertaining to the factors in the development of pressure ulcers. The first question is what role does the environment play i...
Thomas, D. R. (2001). Issues and dilemmas in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: A
Peptic ulcer results from erosion within the walls three particular areas of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT); the oesophagus, the stomach or the duodenum. This is due to the excessive production of stomach acid, consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the enzyme pepsin, required for digestion in the gastrointestinal tract; this can also lead the acid to reach the oesophagus. Under normal circumstances the linings are protected from the irritation of the acidity via the formation of a mucus and bicarbonate barrier. However obstruction of the lining causes inflammation of the mucous membrane and leads to ruptures of the internal tissue.
Patrick, S. (2011). Gluten Intolerance Symptoms. Retrieved November 10, 2011, from Gluten Intolerance Symptoms : http://gluten-intolerance-symptoms.com/
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It is essential for the stomach to realease the gastrin hormone so to maintain an acidity of 1.5-2 pH. Although this high acidity doesn't digest the chyme, it has many functions. The highly acidic environment kills most of the microorganisms ingested with food. It also denatures proteins and inactivates the enzymes presented in food. It is essential for activating pepsin so to do its proper function in breaking proteins, and to break plant cell wall ingested in food and the connective tissues in meat. (2)