The maintenance of normal volume and composition of extracellular and intracellular fluids is vital to life. List and describe the kind of homeostasis involved.
Fluid balance is the balance of input and output of body fluids in the body.
Electrolyte balance is a concentration of electrolytes in the body that are controlled by a variety of hormones and most are in the kidney and adrenal glands Martini (2014).
Acid-base balance is maintained 3 ways: chemical buffers (phosphate, carbonic-bicarb, and protein), respiratory system, renal system (Martini, 2014).
Why does maintain fluid balance in older people require a higher water intake than in a normal healthy adult under age 40?
As a person ages the total water content tends to constantly decrease. The body’s
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Disruption in heart rhythms and muscle spasms are by high levels of potassium (Martini, 2014).
Saline solution is used to reverse hypotonic hydration. Are body cell membranes permeable to saline? Explain your response.
To expand circulating blood volume, isotonic saline is infused intravenously. Sodium is largely confined to the ECF, so most of the effects of saline leaves to enter the interstitial space
Explain the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
The renin-angiotensin system is a group of related hormones that act together to regulate blood pressure (UKRO, 2015).Working with the kidneys is the body’s most important long-term blood pressure regulation system.
Explain how ADH compensates for blood that contains too many solutes.
Highly sensitive cells found i9n the hypothalamus, that react to changes in the blood and cause the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) , are called osmoreceptors. The posterior pituitary gland is alerted to release antidiuretic hormone that travels through the blood to is target organ, which happens to be the kidneys. The collecting ducts in the
Renin angiotensin system activation: Because of decreased blood flow to the kidneys the compensatory mechanisms activate to hold on to sodium and water. When the Blood flow is decreased Angiotensin II is released causing vasoconstriction
The pump is sensitive to the potassium concentration of the blood. When extracellular potassium increases the pump increases in activity and more potassium is taken up by the cell, when plasma concentration is low the reverse occurs. [5]
Homeostasis is the biological process that maintains a stable internal environment despite what occurs in the external environment. Chemicals and bodily functions are maintained in a balanced state so the body may function optimally. There are various systems in the human body that require maintenance through the processes of biochemical checks and balances so they may function properly. One of these systems includes the rise and fall of blood glucose and is under the control of the homeostatic regulation process. Homeostasis is essential in blood glucose regulation as high blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia) and low blood glucose levels (hypoglycaemia) are dangerous and can affect the human body in many ways and can also lead
For homeostasis to work the transport, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular system have to function together.
Dehydration can happen at any age and from a variety of primary causes including diarrhea, vomiting, use of diuretics, exercise, and exposure to extreme heat. The body has compensatory mechanisms to balance mild dehydration or fluid deficit of 2-4%; however, moderate fluid deficit of 5-8% can lead to electrolyte imbalances, postural hypotension, and dryness in skin and mucous membranes (Porth, 2011). In severe dehydration, or fluid deficits greater than 8% severe hypotension and shock can occur (Porth, 2011). The circulatory system has its own compensatory mechanisms for fluid volume deficits. These include changes in cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure.
In the human body, there are a number of systems that have their own importance and provide different functions to help keep us alive. One of these systems is the urinary system, also known as the renal system. As blood courses through the body, waste products are transferred into the bloodstream that needs to be extracted. The urinary system is designed to help the body remain free of excess water and waste that we no longer need. This particular system is made up of two kidneys, two ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra that produces, stores, and then excretes urine out of the body. When it comes to the urinary system,
Fluid enters the lymphatic system and returns it to the circulatory system. The fluid enters the system through the lymph vessels. The lymphatic vessels convert into larger vessels termed lymphatic veins which have lymphatic ducts which contain valves which prevent the backflow of the lymph fluid. These veins contain smooth muscles which also helps the movement of fluid. These veins lead to the lymph nodes. After the lymph is filtered in the node it then travels through the efferent lymphatic vessels that drain into the circulatory system veins
Bases or alkalis have low hydrogen ion concentration and accept hydrogen ions in solution. Acidity or alkalinity of a solution is measured by pH. Acids are constantly produced during metabolism. Several body systems are actively involved in maintaining the narrow pH range necessary for optimal function. Buffers help maintain acid bases balance by neutralizing excess acids and bases. The lungs and the kidneys help maintain a normal pH by either excreting or retaining acids or bases.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment within a living organism. Excretion is the removal from the body of waste products made in the cells during metabolism. Osmoregulation is the homeostatic control of body water. Water intake needs to balance with water loss. Urea is instantly converted from ammonia, as it is a less soluble and less toxic compound.
Furthermore, they are involved in the reabsorption of nutrients in the bloodstream and they can regulate the acidity of the blood. Besides the regulation of the fluids and ions, the kidneys are also responsible for the regulation of many different hormones that are involved in homeostasis and metabolism. Because of their importance in the regulation of substances in the body, when the kidneys stop working properly all the body is influenced by that creating disequilibrium in the maintenance of homeostasis and control of all the metabolic functions which can indirectly cause other problems to the body.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Hypothalamus – The hypothalamus is located in the brain. It is responsible for direct control over the entire endocrine system through the pituitary gland. Cells in the hypothalamus called neurosecretory cells secrete 7 hormones – Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRh), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
As sodium accumulates, the body holds onto water to dilute the sodium. This increases both the amount of fluid surrounding cells and the volume of blood in the bloodstream. Increased blood volume means more work for the heart and more pressure on blood vessels (Harvard, 2016) .”
There are many enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in cells through control mechanisms, which keep humans in chemical balance. There are two systems that have a major responsibility for regulating body chemistry known as the endocrine system and nervous system. The endocrine system depends on chemical messengers that flow in the bloodstream known as hormones. Hormones travel to target cells, where they connect with receptors that initiate chemical changes within cells. The nervous system depends on neurotransmitters that are electrical impulses in nerve cells activated by its own chemical messengers. The nervous system counts on a much faster means of circulation. This cycle is what allows drugs to work so well, because they mimic the crucial role of hormones and neurotransmitters in the function of the human body.
The endocrine system is composed by a group of glands that secrete hormones for the secretion of a specific organ and the result of this cycle will contribute to of physiological and behavioral activities. The circulatory system makes a connection with the hormones secreted because it helps them to travel around the human body in a very short time. The endocrine glands that secrete the hormones that target specific hormones consist of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries and testes. However, they are secondary organs part of the body system such as the kidney, liver, and heart. The kidney in particular secretes endocrine hormones such as renin and erythropoietin (EPO).
Water facilitates the transportation system of the body. It is the medium by which all the other nutrients and other essential elements are distributed to every part of the body. Water also transports the waste from the body.