3. Results and Discussion
The effects of temperature on the distribution of organic contaminants between different phases in the subsurface soil was demonstrated by Davis 1997. Calculations were carried out using the data of Heron et al. (1996) for tri-chloro ethane (TCE) at 90°C. The results indicated that raising the temperature to 90°C caused significant increase in the concentration of contaminant in the air phase under both high and low soil organic matter conditions and significantly decreased the amount that is associated with the solids. Only small amounts remain in the liquid phase. The researchers concluded that if the high organic matter content soil is under water saturated conditions, the amount of TCE in the water would approximately double as the temperature increased from 20°C to 90°C, but 82 percent of the TCE would remain adsorbed to the solids. Under low organic matter and water saturated conditions, there would be approximately a 30 percent increase in the amount of TCE in the water phase with an increase in temperature from 20°C to 90°C, leaving approximately 25 percent
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Some of the most volatile compounds including TCE, benzene, and toluene, can be removed efficiently from sandy soils by vacuum extraction alone. Laboratory experiments on vacuum extraction have shown that the addition of heat had little effect on the vaporization of the less volatile compounds. For the higher boiling point compounds and when clays are present in the subsurface, the addition of heat as part of the remediation process will significantly increase volatilization and enhance the vacuum extraction process. Recovery of most of these chemicals from the subsurface will be enhanced by either steam or hot air injection or by electrical heating processes (Davis
The purpose of the Unknown White Compound Lab was to identify the unknown compound by performing several experiments. Conducting a solubility test, flame test, pH paper test, ion test, pH probe test, conductivity probe test, and synthesizing the compound will accurately identified the unknown compound. In order to narrow down the possible compounds, the solubility test was used to determine that the compound was soluble in water. Next, the flame test was used to compare the unknown compound to other known compounds such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and calcium carbonate. The flame test concluded that the cation in the unknown compound was potassium. Following, pH paper was used to determine the compound to be neutral and slightly
The Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering took ground water samples that showed volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) in the supply well. This well was formerly used for drinking water for the community. The results indicated that the ground water beneath the property was contaminated with radioactive material and VOCs. A sphagnum bog on the grounds had evidence of radioactive contamination. The soil, sediment, surface water, and ground water on the site had high levels of depleted uranium. On some of the soil and sediments, Poly Chlorinated Bi-phenyls were recorded. The buildings and structures on the grounds were as well contaminated with depleted uranium and other hazardous substances.
The weight of the final product was 0.979 grams. A nucleophile is an atom or molecule that wants to donate a pair of electrons. An electrophile is an atom or molecule that wants to accept a pair of electrons. In this reaction, the carboxylic acid (m-Toluic acid), is converted into an acyl chlorosulfite intermediate. The chlorosulfite intermediate reacts with a HCL. This yields an acid chloride (m-Toluyl chloride). Then diethylamine reacts with the acid chloride and this yields N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide.
Groundwater is usually held in porous soil or rock materials, much the same way water is held in a sponge. The source of much of the world's drinking water is ground water. When pesticides are sprayed on crops, where do the pesticides go after they are applied to the crops? They soak into the ground where the roots can pick up the pesticide. That further proves my point that pesticides soak into the ground.
within the soil. In this experiment, the liberation of ammonia is being employed as an indicator. Other components being utilized play a vital role in controlling the conditions of the experiment, as the THAM buffer, and the limitation of microbial activity, through toluene. The control experiment is crucial as it eliminates the addition of ammonia content being released by other sources within the soil into the final reading, providing accurate data.
Alcohol, which is the nucleophile, attacks the acid, H2SO4, which is the catalyst, forming oxonium. However, the oxonium leaves due to the positive charge on oxygen, which makes it unstable. A stable secondary carbocation is formed. The electrons from the conjugate base attack the proton, henceforth, forming an alkene. Through this attack, the regeneration of the catalyst is formed with the product, 4-methylcyclohexene, before it oxidizes with KMnO4. In simpler terms, protonation of oxygen and the elimination of H+ with formation of alkene occurs.
The water quality in the UHS creek was identified as excellent in the last lab report the was purposed on finding the quality of water. But some creeks or other bodies of water are not as clean as the UHS creek. This is mostly caused humans that negatively impact the water causing the quality to deteriorate. One way humans can negatively impact water quality is by famers putting fertilizers and pesticides on their crops. The chemicals can be washed off by rain and can run into rivers. This in turn causes algae to overgrow in the river (called eutrophication), this turns that water green. When all of this algae dies bacteria break them up using all of the oxygen in the river killing all of the other organisms (http://www.lenntech.com/rivers-pollution-quality.htm).
3.) Divide your 30g of white substance into the 4 test tubes evenly. You should put 7.5g into each test tube along with the water.
...ively place the suspect or perpetrator behind bars. Analyzing soil compounds can be measured by the levels of organic molecules including n-alkanes, fatty alcohols and fatty acids, which are all found in the waxy outer layer of plant matter (Geddes, 2008). It basically states that compounds can remain in the soil for thousands of years, which explains that each area being tested has its unique organic profile.
With the loss of infiltration that follows the removal of vegetation, there will likely be an increase in runoff around sites that have been altered for forestry or oil and gas. Vegetation is also key for the prevention of erosion, as the roots anchor the soil in place. Without vegetation the deterioration of the soil organic matter is rapid, (R. L. Baumhardt et al). The soil becomes vulnerable to erosion. This can be of considerable concern in the Athabasca watershed, where many sites that are affected by resource exploration already contain naturally occurring contaminants, such as heavy metals and polycyclic hydrocarbons, (c. Boutin & D. J. Carpenter). Without vegetation to tie up these contaminants it is likely they will be introduced
Persistent organic pollutant exhibit a process known as the “grasshopper effect,” in which these chemicals go through cycles of volatilizations and condensations — i.e., evaporation and atmospheric cycling in warmer climates and condensation and deposition in colder climates, thus moving these chemicals to remote regions where they have never been produced or used.
Benzyl bromide, an unknown nucleophile and sodium hydroxide was synthesized to form a benzyl ether product. This product was purified and analyzed to find the unknown in the compound.
Soil remediation is part of a broader effort known as environmental remediation. It restores previously contaminated land to an uncontaminated state and is an important part of sustainable development, especially in respect of resource management and reducing reliance on landfill (Scottish Environment Protection Agency, n.d., p. 4). Most countries around the world are actively engaged in some form of soil remediation. Each year in the European Union, several billion euros are expended on the remediation of land affected by contamination. It is important that this money is spent intelligently and appropriately (Elorriaga, 2014, p. 2).
Saline soil is also vulnerable to erosion due to the death of vegetation that held the soil together. Soil that is eroded can ‘pollute’ water too.
Nutrient availability from organic sources is due to microbial action and improved physical condition of soil (Sarker et al., 2004). The use of organic fertilizer to the soil helps to enhance its nutrient status and reduce incidence of pest (Adilakshi et al.,2007). Research done by Sridhar and Adeoye (2003) stated that organic based fertilizers are less leached into ground water than the inorganic