Hybridization, in summary and in simple explanation, is the combination and transformation of an atom’s original orbitals forming special orbitals to have the ability to bond with others. When an atom experiences and goes through the process of hybridizing, the electron model is modified to depict it using special orbitals to form new molecules. Since it is already known that only valence electrons are used in atom or molecule bonding, only outside, valence orbitals change. Therefore, hybridization does not add or remove any original orbitals associated with an atom but only refigures them. There are five types of atom hybridization: sp, sp2, sp3, dsp3, and d2sp3. Each type has it’s own different number of groups, which are also known as electron pairs, bond angle, and geometry.
The first type of atom hybridization is sp. In sp hybridization, one pair of orbitals arranged in opposite directions from each other is needed for two electron pairs in an atom. One example of where sp hybridization most commonly occurs in is the carbon atom in carbon dioxide, which contains one carbon and two oxygens. The two special orbitals transformed are s and p. Rather than having the original three 2p and one 2s orbitals, the carbon atom in carbon dioxide now has two 2p and two sp. Both a hybridized and normal carbon atom have the same number of orbitals, only they are altered to bond more efficiently with the two oxygens. The bond angle in sp hybridization is 180 degrees because the two newly formed sp orbitals are in a straight line and right across from each other. The geometry is linear for the same reason. Another example of sp orbital hybridization occurs in an atom of magnesium hydride, where the 3s and one of the 3p original orbitals co...
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... efficient, and specially made orbitals rather than leaving it with its original orbitals. This, in return, provides us with stronger molecules to be able to use in everyday necessities like plastic and gas. If it weren’t for hybridization in atoms, we might not have some of the things we take for granted. We ought to thank atoms and hybridization for working so hard to be better.
Works Cited
Steven S. Zumdahl and Susan A. Zumdahl (2010). Chemistry. Belmont, CA: Brooks Cole
Richard F. Daley and Sally J. Daley (2005). Organic Chemistry. New York, NY: HarperCollins
Francis, E. (2003) Types of Hybridization. Dl.clackamas.cc.or.u.s. Retrieved November, 17, 2013, from dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-02/typesof.htm
Harpreet, C. Hybrid Orbitals. Chemwiki.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved November 20, 2013, from chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Fundamentals/Hybrid_Orbitals
In the reaction conducted in this experiment, three mechanisms were possible: Anti Addition, Syn Addition, and Anti and Syn Addition. Addition mechanisms involve removing a double bond between two adjacent carbons and adding one nucleophile (bromine in this case) to each of the carbons. Anti Addition results in a product in which the two bromines are anti-periplanar (or trans) to one another. Syn Addition results in a product in which the two bromines are syn-periplanar (or cis) to one another. Anti and
Show your understanding of the structure of nucleic acids by describing the similarities and differences between DNA, mRNA and tRNA. Your descriptions should include drawings with labels of the nucleotide structures and the overall structures of each where applicable.
Fully describes the crystallochemical relationships between the structures and the temperature dependence of polymorphism. )
There are Sn1 and Sn2 substitution reactions. Sn1 reactions are unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions that are of the first order, whereas Sn2 reactions are bimolecular nucleophilic substitution of the second order.1 Molecules that contribute to a substitution reaction are called an ‘electrophile’ which contains the ‘leaving group’ which is the substituted group. It also contains a
The synthesis scheme of cisplatin is deeply related to the trans effect. Chernyaev introduced the trans effect in platinum chemistry9. The theory is based on empirical observation that the rate of substitution of a ligand in a square planar complex is dependent on the group opposite (or trans) to it8. The trans effect can be explained by two factors: sigma-bonding effect and pi-bonding effect.
It describes how well an atom can attract electrons from another atom while bonding. In a covalent bond, the shared electrons will stay closer to the more electronegative of the atoms involved. The result is polarization, when a molecule has a positive and negative end. This is the main cause of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Water is a notable example of a covalent bond while sodium chloride, or table salt, is a notable example of an ionic bond. These bonds form many of the substances we see around us. These bonds and compounds are even happening inside the human
In 1908, Ernest Rutherford, a former student of Thomson's, proved Thomson's raisin bread structure incorrect. Rutherford’s most important discovery was he postulated the nuclear structure of the atom. Ernest said that a atom is made up mostly of gas and it has a nucleus inside of the atom. A big part of science now is atomic structure. An atom is made up of three parts, protons, electrons, and neutrons. Atoms are the basis for everything in the universe. The importance of the atomic theory is so that all scientist use the same basis to find things out. One of the most remarkable features of atomic theory is that to this day after hundreds of years of research not a single person has discovered a single atom. Some of the best microscopes have been able to see groups of atoms, but no actual picture of a single atom yet exists. The atomic theory can be used to explain many of the ideas in chemistry in which ordinary people are interested. Niels Bohr proposed an improvement, he found out that electrons move in a definite orbit around the Nucleus like the planet. These energy levels are located certain distances from the Nucleus. According to today's atomic theory, electrons don’t orbit in neat planet like orbits, but move at high speeds in an electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons spin around the nucleus billion times in one second, they do not randomly move though, it depends on how much energy the atom
Hybridization is commonly defined as the interbreeding of genetically differentiated populations, where the gene flow between the two species has been reestablished. This process is more likely to happen in recently diverged populations that have a secondary contact, in which the isolation barrier has been removed. Hybridization can lead to a variety of evolutionary outcomes, depending on the fitness of the hybrids relative to the parental forms. Some of them will be beneficial, such as the effects of maintaining or increasing diversity through stable hybrid zones, the rescue of small inbred populations, the origin and transfer of adaptations, the reinforcement of reproductive isolation, and the formation of new hybrid lineages (Todesco, 2016). In the other hand, hybridization can also reduce diversity through the breakdown of reproductive barriers, leading to the merger of previously distinctive evolutionary lineages, and the extinction of populations or species.
One of these classes is DNA binding agents. They form a covalent bond with the DNA or stick to it noncovalently very tightly. A covalent bond is a chemical bond. It involves sharing of electron pairs in the middle of atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding
Our knowledge of chemistry, and the many ways that it surrounds us has helped us better understand the world we live in and the ways in which we can use chemistry to better our world, and improve our exploration of it.
Covalent bond is the strongest of bonds and it happens when two atoms share the same electrons. An example of this would be H2.
- Breaks large molecules into small molecules by inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bonding.
The DNA and RNA molecules, which carries the genetic code, they are the two types of genetic codes, but RNA is often found in virus and bacteria cells, and the DNA into plants and animals. Both of them have the same structure that is, the helix. The helix needs some element to fit/fix on the helix system, and the only one that fits/fixes into that kind of system is the carbon. This is why the carbon is present in many of the process, because the carbon has certain characteristics that makes it different from other chemical elements, some of the characteristics of this element are that carbon is tetravalent which means that the atomic number of carbon is 6 and its electronic configuration has two electrons in the K shell and four electrons in the layer L. thereby having four electrons in its last electron shell. The carbon shares the electrons with four other atoms, so that they complete the octet, reaching a stable configuration. Are formed, thereby four covalent bonds. Was recognized in 1858, by Kekule that carbon in a tetravalent
One carbon atom can bond to another, which gives carbon the ability to form chains that are unlimited in length. Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds with other carbon atoms. They can even close up on each other to form rings.
Elimination reactions are one of many different types of reactions, yet elimination reactions are one of the most common practices to create carbon-carbon π-bonds. Dehydrohalogenation is an example of functional group transformation. In the case of alkyl halides they are transformed into alkenes through dehydrohalogenation (1). The general mechanism for dehydrohalogenation elimination reactions when a strong base is used can be written as: