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The effects of tobacco and the body
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Nicotine
Cigarette smoking has been known for years to impair health of smokers and nonsmokers exposed to smoke in various ways such as by damaging the lungs and circulatory system. Nicotine, present in mainstream and sidestream smoke, is believed to be one of the most toxic components of tobacco. In 1994, David Kessler, commissioner of the FDA, launched an attack on tobacco companies, claiming they deliberately increased nicotine levels in cigarettes. Nicotine has been shown in various experiments to induce tolerance in smokers by its effects on the CNS and dopaminergic receptors. David Kessler believes nicotine to be addictive and desires the FDA to regulate nicotine as any drug such as cocaine. If the agency can prove that nicotine is addictive and that the manufacturers of tobacco products have control over the levels of nicotine in their products, the road is open to regulating cigarettes.
Although there have been some experiment that disprove nicotines adverse effects, most studies point to nicotine as a very toxic agent. Nicotine is not essential to tobacco products. It is a naturally occurring slightly basic alkaloid with a pyridine and a pyrrolidine ring. It is estimated that the average smoker inhales with each puff, a dose of nicotine equivalent to .1mg nicotine given intravenously. Nicotines pKa is 9. Its half-life is two hours. Nicotine is converted to its metabolites by the P450 enzyme system and by aldehyde oxidases. Nicotine and its metabolites, such as cotinine, Nnitrosomornicotinine (NNN), and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)1-butanone (NNK) are toxic to humans. As is shown in P4, many people in the United States smoke. The average mg of nicotine per cigarette has declined in the United States in the1980...
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Tobacco is connected with a number of negative effects in humans and a few other organisms. For example, the long list of negative effects range from birth defects and lessened lung capacity, to sexual impotence. All of the previously mentioned result from extended tobacco exposure in varying mediums and although they are negative effects associated with tobacco, it has also been proven that tobacco to acts as a stimulant to some animals (Nice 135). In studying how tobacco effects the body of any living being and its uses, over time new developments may progress that would allow us to use tobacco only for its positive effects while bypassing its negative ones.
Scout is one of the central character’s in Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird. Scout is a girl who slowly changes through the course of the book. Throughout the book, Lee describes the character of Scout as being tomboyish, innocent, and aggressive.
Lee created a character, Atticus Finch that in To Kill A Mockingbird demonstrates equality, morality, and wisdom. Atticus teaches Jem and Scout differently from the others, he teaches them with respect, equality, and empathy while with good virtues. Atticus is one of the few ones in Maycomb that is committed to racial equality. Atticus is a modest person, he does not like expose his abilities, he rather keep it to himself. In addition, Atticus had a courageous move on defending an African American, Tom Robinson. Not to mention that Atticus an upstanding mortal, he has extraordinary parenting skills.
In January of 1982, Wayne Williams was found guilty for the murder of two of the victims, Jimmy Ray Payne and Nathaniel Cater. His conviction was heavily based on the forensic evidence collected and analyzed. Consequent to the verdict, the Atlanta police announced that twenty-two of the twenty-nine murders were solved with the presumption that Wayne Williams was responsible.
Atticus Finch is a lawyer in the town of Maycomb In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, he is a father of two children, Jem and Scout Finch. He is a man of wise character and considerate soul. He knows his morals and tries to help his children grow up to be successful and happy. Throughout the novel, Atticus acts justly, loves tenderly, and walks humbly by the way he perceives the people in his life, how he succeeds in his job and treats his family.
...eaknesses to win their loyalty. Finally, the written agreement of Versailles was purported to represent the peaceful ending to warfare I, however, it became the prelude to a different war. it had been originally an attempt to revive order and supply a peaceful conclusion to warfare I. The sick feelings and economic upheaval that resulted provided the proper climate for Hitler's dominance, in post-war FRG. The contributor’s participants of Versailles had alternative motives behind the peace agreement apart from a peace settlement. Their stingy actions resulted in not solely the economic hardship of FRG, however inflation and state altogether of Europe. The severity of the reparations contained during this document set the stage for history to repeat itself. Therefore the terribly method within which the written agreement of Versailles was forced on the German people.
Cigarette smoke can be considered a teratogen that is environmentally, behaviorally, and maternally induced. Cigarette smoke has long been known to have teratogenic effects on developing fetuses. Warning labels regarding the dangers of smoking to fetuses have appeared on cigarette packs since 1985 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). Mothers can expose their babies to cigarette smoke and the chemicals which it contains directly by smoking herself or indirectly by working, living or being in an environment in which other people are smoking (second-hand smoke). There is no known exact amount of cigarette smoke considered safe or dangerous.
Cigarettes are a type of tobacco product which contain several hundred ingredients. Although the majority of these ingredients have not been proved to be harmful, the cigarette smoke which results from these ingredients burning have over four hundred toxins, about forty of which are carcinogenic. Three of the best known ingredients that cause negative side effects are nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide. Nicotine is an addictive substance, which is lethal in large quantities. Tar causes a sticky buildup to form on the lungs, which reduce the elasticity that is necessary for the alveoli in the lungs to be able to be an effective respiratory surface. Carbon monoxide competes with oxygen to bind on hemoglobin in red blood cells, which makes it difficult for cellular respiration to occur. These are onl...
Cigarette smoking stay the top preventable cause of sickness and early death in the United States because not only it asserts over 400,000 lives a year but it enhances the danger of someone dying from illnesses such as heart disease, stroke emphysema and a diversity of cancers (Douglas E.Jorenby) . Despite information about the bad side effects of smoking on health, 25% of adults in the United States keep on smoking. One of the reason why people seems to not easily quit smoking and continue to do it has to do with the addictive nicotine, a substance found in all types of tobacco products.
Some actions should be taken on tobacco products because the risk of getting cancer is high. People vape everywhere in today’s society, blowing a massive amount of smoke that lingers in the air and could cause people nearby to cough or even children near it to cough. There needs to be a policy to ban cigarettes, it kills the smoker, in addition, it could kill the person exposed to the smoke from cigarettes. “The cigarette is also a defective product, meaning not just dangerous but unreasonably dangerous, killing half its long-term users” (Proctor). Cigarettes are not healthy in any way making it a defective product, it mainly kills the smoker rather than helping them.
Carcinogenic effect of tobacco was the most important discovery in the history of cancer epidemiology. Lung c...
Smoking is not only affect for the smoker’s health, but also others around the smoker. People who do not smoke are affect just as much as those who are smoking. Which is due to second hand smoke, as the toxin smoke release in the air. Second hand smoke is harmful to non- smoker and causes more damage to their lung from breathing it. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “When a nonsmoker breathes in secondhand smoke, the body begins to metabolize or break down the nicotine that was in the smoke. During this process, a nicotine byproduct called cotinine is created. Exposure to nicotine and secondhand smoke can be measured by testing saliva, urine, or blood for the presence of cotinine.” According to "Surgeon General Adds To List of Smoking's Harms." “About 20.8 million people in the U.S. have died from smoking-related diseases since then, a toll the report puts at 10 times the number of Americans who have died in all of the nation's wars combined. M...
Cells are composed primarily of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen, the elements that make up the majority of organic compounds. The most important organic compounds in a cell are proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides (carbohydrates). The "solid" structures of the cell are co...
Conclusively, the writers and founders of the Paris Peace Treaties, despite their efforts to bring a lasting peace to the world, made a variance of unforeseen mistakes in their toil. For the uncountable amounts of varying ethnic groups could not be easily separated without annoying at least someone- and since the Central powers were the losers, logic suggested that it would be them. Secondly, France’s increasing insecurity towards Germany that dated back decades caused for it to demand Germany to be paralyzed forever. This as well as other forms of Allied punishments caused for increased Central power animosity towards the Allied powers. Therefore, the intent of peace treaties was well intentioned initially, and the criticism of them was undeserved in that there was nothing that anyone could do else without the impossible of power seeing into the future
The contents of these cigarettes are a big factor why smoking is such a dangerous habit. Tobacco smoke has more than 4,000 chemicals that include many carcinogens, substances that are known to help cause cancer. There are other chemicals in tobacco smoke that coat and dissolve the air ways of the lungs and mess with the blood and blood vessels regular function. Cigarette smoke also has carbon monoxide, a colorless and odorless ga...