Ion exchange resin (Amberlyst 36) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (total pore volume 0.20 mL/g). According to the information offered by the supplier, the average pore diameter and surface area of the resin are about 240 Å and 33 m2/g, respectively. Pt/C (Sigma-Aldrich, 5wt% loading) was used for the consecutive hydrodeoxygenation reaction.
2.2. Fast pyrolysis of yellow poplar
Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) was ground, passed through a 0.5 mm sieve, and pyrolyzed. Fast pyrolysis was accomplished at 500 °C and the residence time was regulated at 1.63 s by an inert nitrogen gas flow. Then, 2 kg of biomass was fed into the fluidized-bed fast pyrolysis reactor and held for 1 h. The nitrogen gas in the reactor was maintained at a flow rate of 50 L/min. The volatile pyrolytic products were cooled and condensed to a liquid phase bio-oil with an average yield of 48.3 wt% [19].
2. 3. Ion exchange resin treatment of bio-oil with amberlyst 36
The mixture of bio-oil (40 g) and ethanol (10 g) was placed with amberlyst 36 resin into the autoclave reactor (200 mL SUS316). The reactor was sealed and flushed three times with N2. After that, the reaction was performed at under mild temperature conditions (50, 100, or 150 °C) under 3 MPa H2 pressure. After the resin
…show more content…
In order to investigate the acidity of the bio-oil and heavy oil, the total acid number (TAN) was measured by the ASTM D664 method. The viscosity was determined using a capillary-type viscometer and ViscoClock (Schott Instruments) at 40 °C. Elemental analysis for carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen was carried out with an Elementar Vario El cube, and the mass percentages of C, H, N, and S were directly determined by the Dumas method. The higher heating value (HHV) was calculated by Sheng and Azvedo's formula [21]. The degree of deoxygenation (DOD) was estimated as
In comparing micro-leakage of resin-modified glass-ionomers (RMGI), flowable composite liners, and no liners, it was found that by applying a RMGI liner before placing the composite decreased the extent of micro-leakage3. By doing this, the farthest the micro-leakage occurred was to the cervical wall, whereas with composite liners and no liners there was leakage to the cervical wall and into the axial wall3. The reason for the difference could be attributed to the bond between the glass ionomer and composite. This bond is weak and can be thought of as an unbounded wall, leading to less shrinkage stress to the bonds between composite and dentin3.
The fuels are Ethanol, Propanol, Propan-2-ol. Butanol and Butan-2-ol. Setting up the practicals. Because there are some restrictions on the time we are going to have to perform the experiment, we are first going to find out a set up. that would allow us to produce definite results quickly.
Besides the accidental spillage affecting severe damage to the environment and then causing harm to humans, there are direct impacts on human health from oil. Problems suc...
Michael P. Broadribb, C. (2006). Institution of Chemical Engineers . Retrieved July 26, 2010, from IChemE: http://cms.icheme.org/mainwebsite/resources/document/lpb192pg003.pdf
The contraction moulding method can be used to process an acrylic denture base. In this method, bite blocks are fabricated in the lab and sent to the clinic for patient trial. These are then received from the clinic and teeth are mounted onto the bite blocks. The wax is eliminated and teeth are pressurized and attached onto a gypsum mould. (McCabe and Walls. 2008.) Sodium alginate is applied onto the mould to act as a separator to prevent any monomer from the acrylic base seeping into the base and the mould. Acrylic PMMA is applied onto the mould and either heat-cured or auto-polymerized. Both of these curing methods form the...
The Olefins II Unit makes hydrocarbons from naphtha or natural gas using furnaces. After distillation, the p...
...nerated and replaced by fat. Recently, specific compounds in the oil have been identified, they produce regeneration that is even more amazing than that produced by the oil itself. (Gerras, 1056)
The procedure for this experiment can be found in Inorganic Chemistry Lab Manual prepared by Dr. Virgil Payne.
Many years ago, engineers realized that in high heat petroleum-based oils break down and lose their lubricating capabilities. Over time, petroleum–based oils also begin to oxidize and create sludge, leaving damaging residue inside the engines. This problem led Dr. Hermann Zorn (German) to develop Synthetic Oil for high-temperature use in jet aircraft engines. To overcome the breaking down problem of petroleum-based oils, synthetic oil is formulated in laboratory and doesn't contain the naturally occurring chemicals that break down at high temperatures. Furthermore, Synthetic oil is manufactured without many of the chemical compositions that contribute to oil oxidation and sludge buildup. Synthetic oil tolerate the temperatures at which petroleum-based oils would burn up. Synthetic oil is not distilled from crude oil. It is made through a chemical process known as the Fischer-Tropsch process. It goes through many chemical reactions which uses methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide as the raw materials. Synthetic oil not only work best in heat but also provide various benefits in extreme cold. Petroleum-based motor oil gets thick in low temperatures as a result it requires the starter and battery to work harder ...
...ch is used to replace natural gas. He also stated that, among the equipment used to burn the biofuel, the suspension burner have the ability to exceed 99% efficiency and whole-tree burner can reduce the cost of harvesting and handling woody fuels by about 35% (Brown, 2003). Moreover, the usage of bio-energy in long term is to provide a degree of ecological balance and climate change, avoid acid rain, reduce soil erosion and minimize water pollution (Gevorkian, 2007). Therefore, biomass is environmental friendly like solar energy. Based on the research that has been carried out regarding the synthesis of gas from biomass, the gas gasifies in the internal combustion engine. The relative energy density of synthesis gas is higher than the fossil fuel under certain conditions. In addition, the relative flame speed of synthesis gas can reduce the time for spark ignition.
Ethanol production, either by dry or the wet method, creates by-products, which then are used exte...
Abstract: Using Ion Exchange Chromatography, cellulase was purified. After purification, it was analyzed using a DNS test. The purified protein did not respond to the DNS the way it was expected to.
Nowadays, people around the world are demanding for more sustainable energy source other conventional fuels such as coal, natural gas and fossil fuel for their daily activities. However, conventional fuels are categorized into a non-renewable energy source. Thus, to overcome this problem, an alternative fuel called as biofuel is used to substitute the conventional fuels. Moreover, biofuel can grow in interest in many developing countries by using “modern” use of biomass to produce the clean liquid fuels. The uses of biomass as a biofuel feedstock may offer new employment prospects for people that stay in that region. The biomass that commonly been used in biofuel is called as algae biofuel or oilgae, in which the oil that does not consist of toxic or sulfur contents in it (Demirbas and Fatih Demirbas, 2011).
Biomass gasification is a process by which biofuel is produced. It has been used for over 180 years but in the last decades it has been reconsidered as an interesting technique due to the fact that oil supplies are decreasing. As mentioned before, gasification is a thermal process. Heat is added up in order to convert the organic mass to biofuel. The biomass usually undergoes drying, pyrolysis, partial oxidation and reduction. Nowadays the configurations used for gasification are three: fixed bed gasifier, fluidized bed gasifier and entrained bed gasifiers. The simplest configuration is the
According to Frank D.G (1994), acid value could be determined by the potentiometric method. Potentiometric titration uses an electrode to detect the change of electric potential instead of phenolphthalein. This is a more accurate and common method for highly colored oil or fats. The free fatty acids are in non-aqueous medium, titrating with a solution of potassium hydroxide in isopropanol. There are other numerous methods to determine acid value, such as Thermometric titration, measurement of metal-fatty acid complexes, enzymatic methods, methods using a fatty acid binding protein and spectroscopic methods (Cyberlipid, n.d). Chemical titration is suitable for this experiment because it is low in cost, simple oil samples