Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Research paper on history of vaccines
Impact of science in the world
Technological advancements during the present time
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Research paper on history of vaccines
Outline
Thesis Statement: The world is an exciting and scary place, but advancements in technology have made the world a little less scary through vaccinations, x-rays, and the discovery of DNA.
I. Introduction
A. Advancements
B. Discoveries in medicine
C. Modern medicine
1. Life span increased
II. Vaccinations
A. Vaccination history
1. Who discovered.
2. When discovered.
3. How discovered.
B. Vaccines lead to better
1. Better Health
III. X-rays
A. X-rays history
1. Who discovered.
2. When discovered.
3. How discovered.
B. X-rays become more advanced
1. How.
IV. DNA
A. History of DNA
1. Who discovered.
2. When discovered.
3. How discovered.
B. DNA leads too greater
1. What can we do now?
V. Conclusion
Heather Green
…show more content…
A German physicist named Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen discovered x-rays in 1895 (Avery, para.1). Rontgen became interested in cathode rays (para.1). He began to test the effects of passing a high tension electrical current through a glass vacuum tube in order to observe what light emissions were generated (para. 5). Rontgen was in his laboratory, in complete darkness, and closed the switch on the conductor; he was surprised to see a glow emanating from a fluorescent screen about a meter from the apparatus (para.5). Avery states that, “Rontgen quickly proceeded to test the power of the rays to penetrate solid objects – paper, wood, metals -and found that only lead seemed to stop the rays completely” (para.5). Avery also states that, “Then, as he held a small disk of lead in between the tube and the screen, what occurred was nothing less than the (Gothicised) birth of medical imaging” (para,6). Avery explains “For along with the outline of the disk on the screen there appeared the outline of Rontgen’s thumb and finger, and within the darker area he saw the outline of the bones of his hand” (para.6). Avery says,“As W. Robert Nitske suggests, Rontgen was suddenly exposed to ‘his own skeleton still encased in live tissue, his finger casting long ghostly black shadows’” (para.6). Rontgen started working with photographic plates in order to produce permanent records of what he saw (para.9). The first successful x-ray image was of Rontgen’s wife’s hand (para.9). X-ray equipment was really cheap, and they were very easy to perform (para.9). X-rays have come a long since being discovered. X-rays can now detect broken bones, fractures and even diseases like tumors or cancer. X-ray equipment has also had advanced in different ways. There are now many different types of x-rays like digital imaging and magnetic resonance imaging. After the discovery of x-rays came
The X-ray was first discovered in 1895 by a German physicist named W.C. Roentgen (“The Discovery”). W.C. Roentgen was working in his lab one day in 1895 and decided to send a high electrical current through a cathode ray filled with special gas. He realized that a dim green colored light was being produced, and decided to hold the cathode ray just above his wife’s hand. When he did this he observed that the light was able to penetrate human skin, but would leave all the bones visible. There is a picture below of the X-ray of W.C. Roentgen’s wife’s hand (“The Discovery”). He named it the X-ray because he did not know the identity of what kind of ray it was. He just named it X, because of its use in solving unknowns in algebraic equations (“The Discovery”).
Organization: Topical pattern. Audience analysis: The audiences are raging from 20-21, and are currently residential students at Liberty University. They are all from South Korea, but each has different backgrounds. Topic: Nursing can be used to show and share the love of God.
Vaccines have been used to prevent diseases for centuries, and have saved countless lives of children and adults. The smallpox vaccine was invented as early as 1796, and since then the use of vaccines has continued to protect us from countless life threatening diseases such as polio, measles, and pertussis. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) assures that vaccines are extensively tested by scientist to make sure they are effective and safe, and must receive the approval of the Food and Drug Administration before being used. “Perhaps the greatest success story in public health is the reduction of infectious diseases due to the use of vaccines” (CDC, 2010). Routine immunization has eliminated smallpox from the globe and led to the near removal of wild polio virus. Vaccines have reduced some preventable infectious diseases to an all-time low, and now few people experience the devastating effects of measles, pertussis, and other illnesses.
In order to really understand where medical imaging is currently at one must have a basic understanding of where it came from. Twenty years ago radiologist would read and dictate the images on film. They were able to accomplish this by holding the film up to light boxes. This method provided no way for the radiologist to interact or manipulate the images
For decades, the effects of radiation has been studied by doctors around the world. X-rays are used in the medical and dental field to take radiographs of certain parts of a person's body. Some have become concerned of the long term and short term effects of having x-rays taken because of the radiation that is exposed. Since the rise of concern, studies have been done to find any type of link between cancer and radiation from x-rays. Specifically, in dental x-rays, researchers have been performing studies trying to prove that radiation from x-rays in the dental office can cause cancer .
Vaccines have been around for hundreds of years starting in 1796 when Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine. Jenner, an English country doctor noticed cowpox, which were blisters forming on the female cow utters. Jenner then took fluid from the cow blister and scratched it into an eight-year-old boy. A single blister came up were the boy had been scratched but it quickly recovered. After this experiment, Jenner injected the boy with smallpox matter. No disease arose, the vaccine was a success. Doctors all around Europe soon began to proceed in Jenner’s method. Seven different vaccines came from the single experimental smallpox vaccine. Now the questions were on the horizon. Should everyone be getting vaccinations? Where’s the safety limit? How can they be improved? These questions needed answers, and with a couple hundred years later with all the technology, we would have them(ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
Garcia, Kimberly. Wilhelm Roentgen and the Discovery of X Rays. Bear: Mitchell Lane, 2003. Print.
He finds comfort away from the eccentricities of Francis Crick and “took great delight in soap bubble models,” illustrating a love of science transcending the need for recognition, which permeated the story. Despite being depicted as a man of with more old-fashioned ideologies, he is still given sufficient credit and pleasure at “the fact that the X-Ray method he had developed… was as the heart of a profound insight into the nature of life…” Maurice Wilkins was the mediator between the scientific genius and the unimpeded excitement and need for recognition which possessed Watson and Crick. Much to Watson’s surprise, upon hearing about their success, “there was not a hint of bitterness in [Wilkins’] voice.” His dedication to biology was untouched by the incessant need for recognition which plagued the minds of Francis Crick and James
Today I’m going to inform you about X-ray Technology its history and how it been advancing since it’s been invented. Also will inform you how it is currently helping doctors and their patients.
Radiographers provide essential services to millions of people. They deal with patients of all types and ages, from the very young to the elderly, as well as patients with special needs, such as visual or hearing impairments. Diagnostic radiographers produce high-quality images of organs limbs and other body parts to allow a wide range of diseases to be diagnosed. According to (The College of Radiographers -Registered Charity No 272505) May 2008. As a diagnostic radiographer, I am not confined to work in the x-ray department. I will x-ray patients in the accident and emergency department, on the wards, in the intensive care unit and in the operating theatre when patients are too ill to visit the x-ray department. Diagnostic radiographers work as part of a team and may work alone, outside normal working hours to provide x-ray services 24 hours a day. Wide ranges of imaging methods are used. These include ultrasound, MRI and CT scanning. Ranges of dyes or contrast agents are sometimes used to show soft tissue organs that would not appear on standard x-ray examinations e.g. arteries, the bowel and kidneys. (Medical Physics page 159-188)
As x-rays exit the patient, they interact with a cesium iodide input phosphor which converts the x-ray energy into visible light. Cesium iodide crystals are a tightly packed layer of linear needles which help improve spatial resolution by allowing little light dispersion. Attached to the input phosphor is the photocathode. Bushong describes the photocathode as, “a thin metal layer usually composed of cesium and antinomy compounds that respond to stimulation of input phosphor light by the emission of electrons.” (Bushong, 2013, p. 405). This phenomenon of electron emission following light stimulation is called photoemission. The emission of just one electron through photoemission is dependent upon numerous light photons. The amount of electrons produced by the photocathode is directly proportional to how much light reaches it from the input phosphor, which is directly proportional to the intensity of the initial x-ray beam. These electrons will be accelerated to the anode where they will pass through a small hole to the output phosphor. The output phosphor, made of zinc cadmium sulfide, is where the electrons produced through photoemission will interact and produce light. It is extremely
CTscans stands for “Computed Tomography”. It is a way of looking inside your body using a special camera. It is an advanced scanning x-ray and computer system that makes detailed pictures of horizontal cross-sections of the body, or the part of the body that is x-rayed. A CT scan is a diagnostic test that combines the use of x-ray with computer technology. A series of x-beams from many different angles are used to get these cross-sectional images of the patient’s body. In a computer, these pictures are assembled into a 3-dimentianal picture that can display organs, tissues, bones, and any such thing. It can even show ducts, blood vessels and tumors. One of the advantages of CT is that it clearly shows soft tissue structures (such as brain), as well as dense tissue structure (such as bone). The pictures of a Ctscanner are a lot more detailed than the pictures of a regular X-ray machine. It can make pictures of areas protected or surrounded by bones, which a regular X-ray machine can not. Because of this, a CT scanner is said to be 100 times as affective and clever as an ordinary X-ray, and can therefore diagnose some diseases a lot earlier and quicker. It is recent technology that has made it possible to accurately scan objects into a computer in three dimensions, even though the machines and ideas were developed in the 1970s. In the 70s doctors started to use this new type of machine that could give detailed pictures of organs that the older type of x-ray, machine could not give.
Before the discovery of X-rays in 1895, it was impossible to look inside human body, without causing harmful side effects. The famous quote of Anna Bertha Ludwig - “I have seen my death” is a testimony to this. In ancient times, the only way to study internal human organs was the dissection of dead bodies. Additionally, this was also subject to availability or religious beliefs. Leonardo da Vinci made 240 detailed sketches between 1510 and 1511, which were way ahead of their time. Unfortunately, it could not be published, except for a small amount in 1632. Images aide in visualization of illnesses (e.g. a malignant tumor), which are impossible to observe from outside of the body. A surgeon must know the various attributes of the tumor like location and size, before she can operate on it. Similarly an oncologist needs this information to decide the course of treatment e.g. tumor size and metabolic activity may be needed to determine the number of chemotherapy sessions. With images, all this information can be obtained without cutting open the patient. And what’s remarkable is that u...
The next big step in the discovery of the atom was the scientific test that proved the existence of the atom. After the discovery of the atom we had the discovery of subatomic particles. With the discovery of the subatomic particles came the research, which came from experiments that were made to find out more about the subatomic particles. This research is how we uncovered that most of the weight of an atom is from its nucleus. With the gold foil experiment, tested by Ernest Rutherford, he discovered the existence of the positively charged nucleus. He proved this when the experiment was happening, a small fraction of the photons th...
Scientists from earlier times helped influence the discoveries that lead to the development of atomic energy. In the late 1800’s, Dalton created the Atomic Theory which explains atoms, elements and compounds (Henderson 1). This was important to the study of and understanding of atoms to future scientists. The Atomic Theory was a list of scientific laws regarding atoms and their potential abilities. Roentagen, used Dalton’s findings and discovered x-rays which could pass through solid objects (Henderson 1). Although he did not discover radiation from the x-rays, he did help lay the foundations for electromagnetic waves. Shortly after Roentagen’s findings, J.J. Thompson discovered the electron which was responsible for defining the atom’s characteristics (Henderson 2). The electron helped scientists uncover why an atom responds to reactions the way it does and how it received its “personality”. Dalton’s, Roentagen’s and Thompson’s findings helped guide other scientists to discovering the uses of atomic energy and reactions. Such applications were discovered in the early 1900’s by using Einstein’s equation, which stated that if a chain reaction occurred, cheap, reliable energy could b...