The deficiency of IgA (immunoglobin A) is known as the prominent immunodeficiency as compared to the other existing immunoglobins. It has been discovered that many of the individuals who are diagnosed with this specific type of immunodeficiency are most often unintentionally diagnosed when they are being treated for several symptoms at the same time. IgA (most plentiful isotype) is produced in two different subclasses. The functions of both are not evidently understood. IgA as secretions seems to be in relationship with the prohibition of pathogens in the body and upkeep of homeostasis in the intestines. IgA deficiency is a flaw in the maturation of B cells where B cells have a deficiency in the ability to be able to yield IgA. Mutations linked to this defect are mutations in calcium modulator, transmembrane activator, and cyclophilin ligand interactor gene. Thus, expanding the knowledge basis of the functions and production process of IgA is essential in attempting to study IgA deficiency. Introduction IgA deficiency can be described as a reduction in the levels or lack of the serum IgA only when there are typical serum levels of both IgM and IgG in patients that are over the age of 4 years and all other reasons for the cause of hypogammaglobulinemia have previously been disqualified. Selective IgA deficiency is termed when there are serum IgA levels that are below 7mg/dL, which is the focus of this study. Here, the segments focused on include the function of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin a diseases pathogenesis, disease associations, prognosis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment. Immunoglobulin A and Its Function Second to IgG, IgA is the most profuse isotype o an antibody that is found in the blood c... ... middle of paper ... ...t includes a thorough blood count containing immunoglobulin serum levels, specific antibody responses to antigens of polysaccharides and proteins, and tests for related conditions (Conley, Notarangelo, and Etzioni 1999) (Geha, Notarangelo, Casanova, et al ) . Management There are no necessary treatments for patients who do not exhibit any symptoms. It is important though to keep or wear medical bracelets if an individual IgA deficient in the case of an emergency where a blood transfusion may be necessary. Those who do experience symptoms should be treated for the associated disorder. Prognosis Patients who are IgA deficient have a suitable prognosis as long as it does not become related to a major, life altering disease. When this disordered has been identified in a patient, he or she would have to continue to get routine checkups for other immunological findings.
a) Urinalysis with significantly increased amounts of blood (via dipstick and sediment), protein, and leukocytes as well as slightly increased bilirubin and slightly decreased pH;
Patients must exhibit 4 for the following: “malar rash, discoid rash on the cheeks, photosensitivity to sunlight, painless mucocutaneous ulcers, nonerosive arthritis of at least two joints, renal dysfunction evidenced as proteinuria or cellular casts, positive serum ANA, neurologic disorder such as seizures or psychosis, serositis as evidenced by pleuritis or pericarditis, hematologic disorders, and immunologic disorders” (Robinson, Sheets Cook, and Currie, p. 632). A patient that does not have four of the qualifying criteria for SLE will be labeled “incomplete” or “latent” SLE (Bernknopf, Rowley, & Bailey,
X-linked Agammaglobulinemia, or XLA for short, was the first immunodeficiency disease ever to be discovered. Ogden C. Bruton, the man who discovered it, was studying an eight-year-old boy in 1952 who had very confusing symptoms. He studied the boy for almost four years and was still confused by the randomness of his symptoms. The boy was getting many infections in these four years and Bruton could not figure out why until he decided to investigate the boy’s blood. He found that the boy was not producing the correct antibodies to fight off infection. After further research, Bruton was able to relate the symptoms back to the child’s genes. Long after Bruton had passed, the disease was studied in depth and found to be an X-linked genetic disorder effecting the antibody production in males. It was then named X-linked Agammaglobulinemia or, in memory of Ogden Bruton, Bruton’s X-linked Agammaglobulinemia.
MARIST COLLEGE’S IMC EFFORTS The mission of Marist college is to help students develop the intellect, character and skills necessary to lead enlightened, ethical and productive lives in the twenty-first century. It is important that all forms of communication that originate from the institution must have a same look which will guarantee Marist a brand name. The overall IMC strategy of Marist college involves the development of an identity for the institution whose main objective is to enhance student learning.
will require intravenous cannulation” (Ogston-Tuck, 2014). The key to prevention is knowing the cause of the problem. Some key nursing interventions as noted in the [Manual of IV Therapeutics] include using aseptic technique
“Immune Response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.” National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .
...(CBC), Activated Partial Thrombo Plastin Time (APTT) Test, Prothombin Time (PT) Test, and Fibrinogen Test”.
When I found out I qualified to be a candidate for the NJHS, I knew I had to take this chance. This group is made up of people who depict leadership, character, citizenship, academic success, and service and I would love to join. These characteristics wouldn't just be valuable for a candidate to have, but for everyone to have to exceed in life. If I were to be in the National Junior Honor Society, it would give me an opportunity to ameliorate my future and motivate me to do better.
Hers, H. G. "a- Glucosidase Deficiency in Generalized Glycogen-Storage Disease (Pompe's Disease)." Biochem J (1963): 11-16.
is positive; three Sputum Test reveals if TB germs are in thick liquid a person
It seems wrong to push a kid into growing up knowing his or her life will be cut short by a disease, but there is nothing they can do about it. Lastly, however, there are some upsides that may help the child if testing is done.... ... middle of paper ... ... Works Cited Caga-anan, Carlisse F. "Testing Children for Adult-Onset Genetic Diseases.
At the start of the semester, my oblivious state of nature associating with the Chinese culture reached an unacceptable level. Implementing a necessary change, I decided to educate myself on different cultures starting with China. I failed to ponder that such a rich, deep culture existed outside America. Encompassed by this country’s unique yet suffocating melting pot culture, my outlook believed ideas such as uniformity between American Chinese food and Authentic Chinese food. After this course, my bigot perspective widened as I witnessed diversity in the world. Before this class, when I thought of Chinese food, my connotation jumped to thoughts associated with chop suey, but as I progressed my education, my mindset gradually pondered foods like steamed buns or “New Year Cakes” with authentic Chinese food.
Dugdale, D. C. (2014, February 26). Autoimmune disorders: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000816.htm
This disease is characterized by autoantibodies against intrinsic factor producing cells in the stomach (atrophic gastritis). Intrinsic factor is an important molecule that binds to vitamin B12 in the stomach, allowing the vitamin B12/intrinsic factor complex to become absorbed in the small intestine. Other disorders associated with B12 deficiency include celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease – this occurs as a result of malabsorption. Individuals that have undergone bowel resection of the stomach or small intestine (e.g., ileum) are also at increased risk.
It is why my sister almost died of a bee sting that just left a simple red bump on me. It involves production of IgE antibody to the inducing antigen or allergen. Type II hypersensitivity is known as antibody-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity. Examples include transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of the newborn, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. It involves the production of IgG or IgM antibodies to antigens on the surface of host cells. These antibodies can destroy the cells through complement-mediated cytolysis, opsonization and phagocytosis, or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Type III hypersensitivity involves formation of IgG or IgM antibody that reacts with soluble antigen under conditions of slight antigen excess to form small complexes that precipitates in the tissues. Examples of type III hypersensitivity include serum sickness, lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Type IV hypersensitivity is a cell-mediated or delayed type of hypersensitivity. Examples include contact dermatitis and hypersensitivity