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Scientific revolution world history chapter
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Scientific revolution world history chapter
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Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer who was important to the progression of the Scientific Revolution. He was a great mathematician and was one of the chief founders of modern astronomy. His education contributed to his discoveries in astronomy, including his finding of three major laws of planetary motion.
Johannes Kepler was born on December 27, 1571 in Weil, Germany. He was a sickly child for years. Kepler had first attended a church school in Leonberg. At 13, he was accepted at the Adelberg monastery school, which widened his religious knowledge. Wanting to become a theologian and study for the Lutheran ministry, Kepler entered the University of Tübingen on a scholarship. There at Tübingen, he not only studied more about Lutheranism, but he was also interested in astronomy and mathematics. Also. Kepler was introduced to the ideas of Copernicus by his astronomy
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However, a school in Graz, Austria needed a mathematics teacher. The University of Tübingen was asked to nominate a replacement, and the university selected Kepler as the candidate because of his knowledge of mathematics. Kepler accepted the job and arrived in Austria in April 1594. In Graz, he taught mathematics and mathematical astronomy. During the time Kepler was teaching, he was able to learn more about and dig further in astronomy, compose annual almanacs, and cast horoscopes.
Still teaching in Graz, an idea appeared to Kepler; he devised a relationship involving the distances of the planets from the sun using geometric solid objects. In 1596, using this idea as the main theme, wrote a book which defended the Copernican system, Mysterium Cosmographicum. This book, although it was incorrect, caused his future mathematical explanations of the universe to occur. In addition, the book brought him the attention many scientists, such as Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe who invited Kepler to Prague and work with
Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in Thorn, Poland. He was the youngest son of four children and the son of a prosperous merchant. Following his father's death, his Uncle Lukas Watzelrode, bishop of Ermland, adopted him. Copernicus began his studies in Thorn and then at the University of Cracow where he studied mathematics and became very interested in humanistic studies.1 Copernicus left Cracow for Italy where he went to the Universities of Bologna and later Padua. He studied many different subjects including mathematics, canon law, and astronomy. Copernicus received a degree in medicine at the University of Padua, and went on to receive his doctorate from the University of Ferrara in canon law.
Galileo Galilei was born in the City of Pisa on February 15, 1564. Sir Galileo is the oldest out of his seven siblings (Hightower 10-11). The father of his, is a musician and a wool trader ("Galileo Galilei" par 1-3). As a boy he enjoyed music and painting. He was very intelligent for this age and he constructed mechanical toys for his own merriment (Hightower 10-11). His studies started at a Jesuit Monastery about at age eleven. By the time of age seven-teen he told his father that he wanted to be a monk. Due to his father's wishes he went to medical school, taken out because he didn't want Galileo as a monk ("Galileo Galilei" par 1-3). While in medical school he did poorly and thought his classes were boring. Later he dropped out and studied science and math with many people (Lauber par 3-4). Then he studied much more objects in his lifetime and loved to learn (Hightower 10-14). Soon he achieved this college education but didn’t get a degree (“Galileo Galilei” par 1-3).
In 1604, Johannes Kepler published the book Astronomiae Pars Optica. The book has been considered by many to be the basis of all modern optics. In his research, Kepler discovered many of the fundamental principles of optics (Molecular Expressions). He discovered how the eye bends light in order to form an image. He was one of the first people to use a pinhole camera to study how images are formed, and how the camera causes the image to form upside-down. He further discussed inverted images in another book, Dioptrice (Kepler). He also discussed how magnification worked, figuring out how telescopes work. Sadly, Johannes Kepler died in 1630. However, his writings on optics laid the foundation for all the work that would come after him.
Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19th 1473 in Thorn, Poland (now known as Torun) to a merchant father who was also a local official. At the age of ten, Copernicus’ father died and he was sent to live with his uncle who at the time was a priest. In 1491, at the age of 18, Copernicus went to Krakow Academy as a pupil. In 1496, Copernicus then travelled to Italy and studied law at the University of Bologna. During his time at the University of Bologna, Copernicus lived with Domenico Maria de Novara, a mathematics professor who encouraged him to study geography and astronomy. Furthermore, throughout his time in Italy, Copernicus travelled to Rome and studied at the universities of Padua and Ferrara. Than in 1503, Copernicus moved back to Poland and worked for his uncle now the bishop of Ermland as a secretary. When his uncle died in 1512, Copernicus moved to Frauenberg and worked for the church. During his time working at the church, Copernicus studied astronomy and in 1514, when the catholic church was looking to improve the calendar, Copernicus was asked to help. Copernicus’ upbringing helped shape his interests in the sciences, especially astronomy. Copernicus is known to have established the heliocentric theory, which replaced the previously accepted geocentric model. However, prior to Copernicus other thinkers such as Aristarchus as well as thinkers after such as Galileo developed a similar theory. Even though it is unclear who established the heliocentric model, Copernicus has had a major impact on our modern sciences.
Nicholas Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who was born in 1473 and died in 1543. When he was young, he studied church law and astronomy in various universities. He did not agree with Ptolemy on his theory that the universe revolved around the sun. He preferred the old Greek idea that was being discussed during the Renaissance that said the sun was the middle of the universe and everything revolved around it. Copernicus theorized that everything revolved around a fixed sun. He knew that this would cause an uproar so he was cautious and did not publish his book, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, until 1543--the year of his death. This theory had numerous implications. First, it established that the stars stood still and their movement was due to the rotation of the earth. And second, this theory suggested that the universe was larger that what had been believed. This made people feel that the earth and humans were insignificant to the universe. People began to realize th...
He was taught under Brache in Prague. Kepler was a mathematician and calendar maker. Bache taught him because of how impressive his mathematical skills were. He was able to calculate the positions of the planets. In 1604, he discovered a new star, which was actually the Milky Way’s last supernova. In 1609 he published Astronomia Nova (New Astronomy) which launched his heliocentric view of the universe and the first two laws of planetary motion. The first being that planets move in an elliptical, not spherical, orbit with the Sun being one of the foci, or center point. The second law stated that the planets will rotate and why doing so cover equal area in equal time no matter where in the orbital it
Sir Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe, England on January 4, 1643. He was underdeveloped and very small as a baby, being born a couple months premature to his mother, Hannah Newton. From the time he was a toddler, Newton lived with his grandmother (his father died three months prior to his birth and his mother moved away to get remarried to prosperous minister). Newton would fill his need for parents with God. As a boy, he studied the Bible for days on end, finding inspiration and developing his spiritual character. In fact, his grandmother decided she would enroll him in a school for the mentoring of future ministers. These events would cause Newton to develop a relentless work ethic.
Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630) was a renowned astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. His most famous contribution to the realm of science were his laws -- aptly named Kepler’s Laws -- which explained planetary motion in space. Although his contributions to science may seem to be a defiance to Christian beliefs, Kepler’s intentions were like other scientists of his day: they explained how nature worked, and framed it as explaining how God worked in the universe through these laws. Through his scientific works, Kepler attempted to support the belief of God in Christianity by pointing out God’s influence in space, and to bring a sense of unity to the Christian community. Kepler made many groundbreaking contributions to the field of astronomy.
Copernicus was born in Poland and was raised by a prosperous German family. As a result, he really enjoyed his youth, taking twelve years at four different universities. In 1503, he finall...
He was one of the first who created the "looker" (now called telescope) by placing two pieces of lenses together. The discovery that placing lenses together can magnify images was made by children who took Lippershey's spectacles and looked at a distant church tower. One of the most influential scientists associated with the telescope has to be Galileo. He took the design and reinvented the telescope into one of the first refractive telescopes we use to this day. Galileo used this great invention to report astronomical facts such as the moon is covered with craters instead of being smooth, the Milky Way is composed of millions of stars, and Jupiter has four moons.
Johannes Kepler moved to Prague in 1600 where he worked as an assistant for Tycho Brahe, and eventually as the imperial mathematician to Rudolf II. Brahe allowed Kepler to see no more than a division of his capacious records. Brahe appointed Kepler the job of understanding the orbit of the planet Mars, which was predominantly difficult. Ironically, it was specifically the Martian data that permitted Kepler to devise the correct laws of planetary motion. Kepler was obliged eventually into the comprehension that the orbits of the planets were not the circles claimed by Aristotle and assumed indirec...
Another important individual who drove history was the Italian astronomer and scientist Galileo Galilei. Galileo discovered something so important that it changed the selfish perspective that humans were the center of the universe and led to the growth of human knowledge. Utilizing mathematics and a telescope he had developed, Galileo observed that the planets revolved around the sun and not the Earth. This was a significant discovery because not only did it contradict what the church had taught, it also showed that the universe was not what it seemed. With this truth uncovered, many people began to fascinate over the universe. This triggered people to begin studying space extensively and eventually lead to present day space exploration. Galileo also left a lasting impression upon many great minds, such as Sir Isaac Newton, who used Galileo's research and theories to further his own studies such as the physical laws, and their properties.
He then found four large objects in space, which he noted were not stars, and were, in fact orbiting the planet Jupiter, and determined the time it took for one to orbit the planet. He also determined the speed to the rotation of the sun. He displayed proof that the Copernican theory was correct, and defended it. He wrote and published several books that lead to conflicts between him and the Roman Catholic
Over the years there have been many more important figures in astronomy. One extraordinary astronomer was Galileo Galilei who invented the first refractor telescope in which light is bent to enlarge an image of the sky (“Galileo Project”). The next great astronomer to follow him was Isaac Newton. Newton had made a great amount of contributions to astronomy during his life. He further proved that the Earth was not the center of the universe and he also invented the Newtonian reflector telescope which is still used today in observatories. Also, he discovered that light could be split into a visible spectrum of colors. Spectral colors from stars would later be used to determine their size, temperature, chemical composition, and even the direction the star is moving.
Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15th, 1564. His father, Vincenzo was a music teacher and musician. After his family moved to Florence, Galilei was sent to a monastery to be educated. He was so happy there that he decided to become a monk, but his father wanted him to be a medical doctor and brought him home to Florence. He was never really interested in medicine and studied mathematics at the University of Pisa. He was especially interested in famous mathematicians like Euclid (geometry) and Archimedes. In fact in 1586 he wrote his first book about one of Archimedes theories. He eventually became head of mathematics at the University of Pisa where he first wrote about a very important idea that he developed. It was about using experiments to test theories. He wrote about falling bodies in motion using inclined planes to test his theories.