Fungi Essay

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Fungi have been significant in both past and modern biotechnological processes (Bennett, 1998). After World War I, a traditional fungal biotechnology has begun and developed into yielding of enzymes, antibiotics, hormones, citric acids, vitamins, and fungicides (Demain, 2000). This list will continue expanding as we moved in this modern century. Fungi definitely bring lots of benefits in pharmaceutical and economic industries. For instance, pharmaceuticals and personal care products may introduce to the terrestrial environment with potential impacts on beneficial soil microbe populations (Hillis et al., 2008). We will discover more economic significant of utilization of fungi in biotechnology area.

2.0 ENZYME
Despite of general properties of enzymes, the properties also varies from where it comes from and how it been produced. For instance, the enzymatic saccharification method in lignocellulosic bioethanol is generated by hydrolyzing cellulose and hemicelluloses. This method gets high attention because of its higher theoretical yield compared to other methods (Taneda et al., 2012). Acremonium cellulolyticus with high activities of cellulase, amylase and pectinase enzymes allow it for the easy separation of solids/liquids in potato pulp, resulting in high saccharification efficiency and a high recovery rate of products (Gao et al., 2014). On the other hand, Enzyme-modified carboxymethyl starch (ECMS) is beneficial in enhancing water holding capacity, emulsion stability and improving sensory characteristics of sausages with a declined fat content (Luo and Xu, 2011). Lipases and phospholipases of dormant cotton seeds have stability in heat, various media and nature of the hydrolysis of the lipids properties (Rakhi...

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...he red and far-red light through photo-interconversion between the two stable conformations. Chromophores are responsible in mediated this distinct feature (Blumenstein et al., 2005). A. niger also produce fumonisins, one of the well-known industrial workhorses (Dufossé, et al., 2014).

8.0 CONCLUSION
In any production of certain metabolites or products in fungal life cycle, two phases of metabolism must involve which are primary and secondary metabolisms. In this new and modern era, fungal biotechnology has evolved and developed in order to allow a commercially fungal utilization of the metabolic processes in a viable manner. To conclude, fungi have contributed a lot in economy significantly. This included in the industries of chemical commodities, antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, pharmaceutical compounds, fungicides, plant growth regulators, hormones and proteins.

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