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Importance of enzymes
Enzymes and their importance
Enzymes and their importance
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Define free energy and describe how it applies to chemical reactions. Explain how an enzyme affects the energy of a reaction, but not the free energy.
Free energy is the available energy in the substance to do the chemical work that’s part of chemical reactions. Enzymes work by decreasing the activation energy. The free energy of the product is the same as it if it was without the enzyme therefore it does not affect the free energy of the reaction.
What happens to an enzyme after it has catalyzed a reaction?
They can refresh, reset, and restart, ready to be used in the next one.
Describe feedback inhibition, competitive inhibition, and noncompetitive inhibition.
Feedback inhibition is when the product in the pathway stops the enzyme/the production of a substance. There are two main ways in which enzymes are inhibited. Either through
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competitive inhibition or noncompetitive inhibition. Competitive inhibition is when another substance competes with active site of an enzyme. Noncompetitive inhibition is when the enzyme's shape is altered when the inhibitor fits into another enzyme site making it unable to catalyze the reaction. . Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory is to investigate the effects of temperature and pH on rates of enzyme activity. Hypothesis: If the temperature of the enzyme is changed then it will change the proteins. If the temperature is too high it could destroy the proteins. If the pH of the enzyme is changed, the enzymes can be denatured. Whether it is too acidic or too basic. Procedure: (write out a set of numbered steps describing how the lab was carried out) Part A: Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Add 5 ml hydrogen peroxide to test tubes 1,2,3,4 Add 1 ml of liver extract to test tube Add gas collecting tube to the test tube and repeat with 2,3, and 4 test tubes. Part B: Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity Add 5 ml of pH4 solution to test tube 1, pH7 to test tube 2, and pH10 to test tube 3. Add 5 ml hydrogen peroxide to test tubes 1,2,3 Add 1 ml of liver extract to test tube Observations: Part A: Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Table 1: Oxygen Released at Varying Temperatures temperature 4 oC 21 oC 34 oC 51 oC Volume of gas produced after 30 s 1 ml 3 ml 6 ml 1 ml Part B: Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity Table 2: Oxygen Released at Varying pH’s pH 4 7 10 Volume of gas produced after 30 s 1 ml 9 ml 3 ml Conclusion: Part A: Part B: Discussion: Part A: The Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Graph the volume of oxygen produced against the temperature of the solution. See below How is the oxygen production in 30 seconds related to the rate of the reaction? The more oxygen production in 30 seconds relates to the rate of reaction because it increases until at a certain level.
At what temperature is the rate of reaction the highest? Lowest? Explain.
The temperature at 34 C is the highest rate of reaction. And the lowest is 4 C and 51 C at 1 ml after 30 seconds.
Why might the enzyme activity decrease at very high temperatures?
Reaction rate increases as temperature increases but then declines at a maximum level even with further increased temperature. This might be due to the enzymes being denatured once it reaches a maximum level.
Why might a high fever be dangerous to humans?
High fevers can be very dangerous because once at a certain level, brain enzymes can be denatured and can be life threatening due to damage it can have on your brain.
What is the optimal temperature for enzymes in the human body?
The optimal temperature for enzymes in the human body is said to be around 37 C which agrees with our results.
Part B: The Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity
Graph the volume of oxygen produced against the pH of the solution.
At what pH is the rate of reaction the highest? Lowest?
Explain. The level of pH 7 is the highest rate of reaction. The lowest is at 4 pH. It seems to be that low and high pH levels results inactivity of enzymes. If it is too acidic or too basic it has the same effect in lost of activity. Why does changing the pH affect the enzyme activity? see above Research the enzyme catalase. What is its function in the human body? Enzyme can bring about the reaction/conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. This obviously very important for the human body. It is proven that it has very powerful antioxidant properties which are beneficial to the organs. Many chemical reactions would happen too slowly for survival. What is the optimal pH for the following enzymes found in the human body? Explain. (catalase, lipase (in your stomach), pepsin, salivary amylase) Catalase - 7 pH, Lipase - 4.0 -5.0 pH, Pepsin - 1.5 - 1.6 pH, and Salivary Amylase - 6.7-7.0 pH. Most of them are different depending what one it is. This is because they are located in different parts of the human body with different functions. For example, you have the enzymes in the stomach and enzymes in the pancreas.
Input variables In this experiment there are two main factors that can affect the rate of the reaction. These key factors can change the rate of the reaction by either increasing it or decreasing it. These were considered and controlled so that they did not disrupt the success of the experiment. Temperature-
The Effect of Temperature on an Enzyme's Ability to Break Down Fat Aim: To investigate the effect of temperature on an enzyme’s (lipase) ability to break down fat. Hypothesis: The graph below shows the rate increasing as the enzymes get closer to their optimum temperature (around 35 degrees Celsius) from room temperature. The enzyme particles are moving quicker because the temperature increases so more collisions and reactions occur between the enzymes and the substrate molecules. After this the graph shows the rate decreasing as the enzymes are past their optimum temperature (higher than). They are getting exposed to temperatures that are too hot and so the proteins are being destroyed.
...eases, including temperature. It is determined from the data that the reaction is more likely to have a step wise mechanism than a concerted due to the small – ΔS and a relatively large value of ΔH from the tables. Due to some errors, it is best to perform another experiment for future protocols. In addition with the variance the 35°C where at one point the absorbance levels off and then increases. In comparison to the rate constant against temperatures, at 25°C it is higher than 35 and 45. More test is required to ensure proper determination of the rate constant at those temperatures.
As temperature increases, rate of respiration increases, because particles move faster and with more energy, which in turn means more particles collide with enough energy to react. However, as temperature increases, enzyme stability decreases, so at temperatures above the optimum temperature, the rate will decrease, until all the enzymes have been fully denatured and all the active sites have been lost. Enzymes speed up reactions in organisms. Each enzyme works on a specific substance, called its substrate. The diagram below shows an “E” (an enzyme) catalysing the breakdown of “S” (the substrate) into two different products (“P”).
· I predict that the enzyme will work at its best at 37c because that
For a reaction to occur, particles must collide. If the collision causes a chemical change it is referred to as a fruitful collision. (Hutchinson Educational Encyclopaedia, 2000) Enzymes increase the rate of exergonic reactions by decreasing the activation energy of the reaction. Exergonic reactions are those in which the free energy of the concluding state is lower than the free energy of the opening state.
Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to explore the different factors which effect enzyme activity and the rates of reaction, such as particle size and temperature.
In this experiment as a whole, there were three individual experiments conducted, each with an individualized hypothesis. For the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, catalase activity will be decreased when catalase is exposed to temperatures greater than or less approximately 23 degrees Celsius. For the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme activity, a concentration of greater or less than approximately 50% enzymes, the less active catalase will be. Lastly, the more the pH buffer deviates from a basic pH of 7, the less active catalase will be.
However, the decrease varied depending on the temperature. The lowest temperature, 4 degrees Celsius, experienced a very low decrease of amylose percentage. Temperature at 22 degrees Celsius and 37 degrees Celsius, both had a drastic decrease in amylose percentage. While the highest temperature, 70 degrees Celsius, experienced an increase of amylose percentage. In conclusion, as the temperature increases the percentage of amylose decreases; however, if the temperature gets too high the percentage of amylose will begin to increase. The percentage of amylose increases at high temperatures because there is less enzyme activity at high temperatures. However, when the temperature is lower, more enzyme activity will be present, which results in the decrease of amylose percentage. This is why there is a decrease of amylose percentage in 4, 22, and 37 degrees Celsius. In this experiment the optimal temperature is 37 degrees Celsius, this is because this is the average human body temperature. Therefore, amylase works better at temperatures it is familiar
anyway) Note these factors affect the rate of the reaction, but not the final. amount of carbon dioxide produced). Why these factors affect it: higher temperature makes atoms move more. so they are more likely to bump into each other and react.
The enzymes have active sites on their surfaces to allow the binding of a substrate through the help of coenzymes to form enzyme-substrate complex. The chemical reaction thus converts the substrate to a new product then released and the catalytic cycle proceeds.
The purpose of the lab was to show the effect of temperature on the rate of
All the other lines on the graph, however, are. correspond with my prediction and back it up. As the temperature increases, so does the rate of reaction. If I were to repeat the experiment again, I would work under strict. environment, such as in a closed room with no wind or temperature.
• An increase in the temperature of the system will increase the rate of reaction. Again, using the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution diagram, we can see how the temperature affects the reaction rate by seeing that an increase in temperature increases the average amount of energy of the reacting particles, thus giving more particles sufficient energy to react.
Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid Investigation Chemical reactions are used in our everyday life, they literally keep us alive. They are used in food, respiration and everywhere else in the environment. A chemical reaction mainly occurs when reactants react together to produce a new product. The speed at which this reaction takes place is called the rate of reaction. The product produced has a number of particles in the solution that has formed from the reactants.