People have been trying to find the lost city of Atlantis for ever since Plato wrote about it, in his dialogues in 360 B.C. So many people have come to believe that they have found Atlantis, but the main question is could a civilization of that magnitude actually have existed in that time period. In our research we were able to prove that the Minoans, or the people who are said to have built the city of Atlantis, were able to make transatlantic voyages. But the thing is our research never showed them building any city of that magnitude. Yes they had the tools to, and the tools have been found in the Mediterranean area, where Atlantis is said to have been located, but no one has ever found conclusive evidence that the city ever existed. With all this being said, the evidence that we have presented, is that it really is more of just an educated guess, or judgment call on whether or not Atlantis existed. Our evidence shows that Haplogroup X has a very low regional concentration, the origins date back to 15,000 year ago, and mtDNA can prove all of this.
Haplogroup X is an mtDNA stand, which mutated from the mtDNA strand L1 about 35,000 years ago (Tracing the Genes). The origins of this mtDNA strand are said to be from the Altai Republic, on the borders of Russia and Kazakhstan. There, as everywhere in the world is not a big concentration of people that carry the Haplogroup X gene. It is also found in some parts of Northern Africa, where the origins of all humans are said to be, about 180,000 years ago with women. There is also a small regional concentration in the North America and the Chippewa and Ojibwa Indians. But it is only found in about 3 percent of this community. So this shows that yes the Minoans came over to North Americ...
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...thin your body that convert food into energy and transport DNA throughout the body. Because of this scientists are able to use gene mapping to provide a clear path that can trace the origins of the Haplogroup back all the way to the beginning. Like I stated before only 3 percent of the Indian civilization in North America has this gene. It is a mutation from the four main mtDNA strands “A-D.” which is how scientists trace it all the way back to the beginning of the human gene type. This idea of mtDNA shows a little idea what the Minoans did and where they had gone throughout their empire. But this still does not prove that Minoans built the great city of Atlantis because until they can trace some ones DNA that is a descendant of the Minoan empire. To someone who is a descendant of the lost city of Atlantis they will for sure never know if the city actually existed.
Paabo’s team discovered an mtDNA sequence from a finger bone they found from around 40,000 years ago, as carbon dating is one of the most commonly used methods of determining a fossil’s age. (Hammer, 70). Also, Neanderthal mtDNA is differs severely from modern human mtDNA. For example, Microcephalin is a gene for brain size during the development of the organism.
A study performed by Martin Hausler and Peter Schmid of the University of Zurich, Switzerland, appeared in the October 1995 issue of Journal of Human Evolution, igniting controversy over the 1974 Australopithecus discoveries in Hadar, Ethiopia. The most famous of the Hadar specimens is the 3-million-year-old skeleton, “Lucy,” who was recovered by paleoanthropologist, Donald Johanson. In his article, Shreeve presents the methods and findings of Hausler and Schmid’s study as well as some counter arguments from other scientists in the field.
In a search to find our ancestors, several anthropologists have found evidence to support their conclusions. In the films about Don Johanson's discovery of Lucy in Hadar, one may be very intrigued by the first film but very disturbed by the second film.
The ginormous volcano at Akrotiri on the island of Thera during the Bronze Age was devastating, and is speculated to be related to the fall of the Minoan civilization. Starting in 1867, archeologists discovered pottery, a buried city and frescoes. These discoveries are the most significant as the pottery and the buried city helped historians learn about the art, trade and societal aspects of Akrotiri, and the frescoes found revealed more information about Akrotiri’s art and religion.
Mi’kmaq was the spelling of a tribe of Indians that had first contact with European explorers in the sixteenth and seventeenth century. Through the years, the name has been changed to what we know today as Mic Mac. The word Mi’kmaq derives from the word nikmak, which means “my kin-friends” or allies. The rich and descriptive Mi’kmaq language was a member of the Algonkin family. Although every Mi’kmaq can understand each other, the dialect varies between bands. For example, the Mi’kmaq spoken in Quebec differs from that in Nova Scotia. The Mi’kmaq tribe settled in southwestern New Foundland in 1630. They were the “first nation people” (Nova Scotia 1) of Nova Scotia and later also settled in New England. They are the dominant tribe in the Canadian Maritimes and are f Roman Catholic faith, (Nova Scotia 1; Wallis and Wallis14, 21-22; Sultzman 1).
Debate started to arise when an archaeologist by the name of Thomas D. Dillehay found artifacts of people existing 14,600 years ago, before Clovis, in Monte Verde, a site in southern Chile. These people slept in hide tents, had access to seafood and potatoes, and shared similar characteristics to other artifacts found in North Ame...
The Menominee, or “wild rice people,” are the original inhabitants of Wisconsin and Upper Michigan. There remain about 7000 Menominee people today, of which very few still speak Algonquian, the native language (Native Languages of the Americas). The polysynthetic language is mostly continued by the tribal elders. The Menominee people are a part of only two tribes who claim to be originally from the Wisconsin area, the other being the Winnebago people. The Fox and Sauk, Dakota, Illinois, and Cheyenne migrated from elsewhere, and the Menominee Indians, never a large tribe, couldn't do much to stop it (Milwaukee Public Museum).
From the ancient bones of the Neanderthals, scientists have been able to extract small amounts of DNA. The DNA comparisons to modern humans show no relationship, implying evolutionary separation (Kunzig, 159). Some anthropologists say the small sections of DNA found are not conclusive evidence, because modern humans show just as much variation in DNA. These people point out that individuals such as the “Portugal Kid” are hybrids of Neanderthals and modern humans, showing there was gene trading. One argument against this is that there is no skull from the ‘Portugal Kid” so it is hard to compare it to Neanderthals. Also, it is known that closely related species can breed and their offspring can be fertile, but they are still separate species (Kunzig, 161).
contains mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), completely intact. Mitochondrial DNA is tougher than the DNA found in cell nuclei; it is also found in the cytoplasm of a fertilized egg and is passed only through maternal lineage. This makes it much easier for the team to study and makes testing more accurate. Paabo’s team, from Leipzig, Germany, used a method of amino acid content as a way of measuring extractible DNA from the bones. The amino acid method was a means for testing the DNA content in the fossils.... ...
A Genetic Odyssey’ is an interesting movie to watch. There were many thoughts that passed my mind as I watched the movie. First of all, it was interesting to visualize the movie back in the day, assuming how one single man lived in Africa approximately sixty thousand years ago. It is quite amazing to have traced the records so far behind to find that Adam could be the father of homo sapiens after all. The better question arises when there are different sizes, races and shapes to each human being.
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science. (2009). DNA Forensics. Retrieved from Human Genome Project Information: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/forensics.shtml
If they had only recessive genes, there would be no dark eyed, haired or skinned people. This leads to the conclusion that all people have a black ancestor. This is backed up by the well-accepted idea that Africa was the starting place of humanity. As African species travelled north to Europe they made the previous inhabitants extinct.
Everyone inherits their genes from their parents. James Nasmyth once said that “Our history begins before we are born. We represent the hereditary influences of our race, and our ancestors virtually live in us.” This is true because we are made of cells and each cell contains inherited DNA. Our DNA carries genetic information we inherited from our ancestors, but the environment we live in can affect this DNA. Nonetheless, testing our genomes can provide information for differentiating between the traits we have inherited from our ancestors and those that the environment shaped.
The scientific and medical progress of DNA as been emense, from involving the identification of our genes that trigger major diseases or the creation and manufacture of drugs to treat these diseases. DNA has many significant uses to society, health and culture of today. One important area of DNA research is that used for genetic and medical research. Our abi...
In 1882, Ignatius L. Donnelly published a book named “Atlantis: the Antediluvian World”. In this book, Donnelly tried to demonstrate his hypothesis that all known ancient civilizations were descended from a specific civilization, which was Atlantis. He observed that ancie...