Fecal Transplant: Is It Effective for Ulcerative Colitis Is fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) effective treatment for patients with Ulcerative Colitis (UC). UC is a chronic inflammation of the large intestine. FMT is used to describe the delivery of a healthy donors stool into a patient via enema, colonoscope, or nasogastric tube. In the past several years FMT has been used for an alternative treatment with patients diagnosed with Clostridium difficile (CD). The purpose of this paper is to discuss if FMT is just as effective in treating UC over just medication. The articles below will give insight if this theory is true or not. The First Documented Fecal Transplant An article published in Lancet in 1989 by Bennet and Brinkman, reported the first use of FMT for treatment of Irritable Bowel Disorder. Bennet was diagnosed with UC himself and performed a trial of self-transplanted donor stool by retention enema. He would take the stool and reconstitute it with saline in order to be administered through an enema. Three months later colon biopsies showed improvement in inflammation and he remained symptom free for six months (Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology, 2015). There …show more content…
Pediatric patients, usually teenagers can be emotionally changing, between school, sports, and not to mention isolation from peers due to not understanding the disease process itself. An article published on January 2015, in the JPGN magazine, discusses four pediatric boys with moderate symptoms undergone FMT via a nasogastric tube. Prior to FMT, each boy was given rifaximin daily for 3 days and 17 g of Miralax in 8oz of water 3 times a day for 2 days prior to FMT. Evaluations on all four patients were done at 2, 6, and 12 weeks after FMT. None of the four patients showed any significant improvement with FMT nor changes in stool value (JPGN, 2015). This study didn’t have any more trials
Often patients encompassing with Clostridium difficile have no symptoms or they may express symptoms of mild diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, and inflammation of the colon causing pain (Mitchell, 2014). Clostridium difficile is a bacterial infection of the intestine and it may occur in patients who are immunocompromised or taking broad-spectrum antibiotics. Walter (2014) explains that the most important risk factor for CDI continues to be recent administration of antibiotics. The infection occurs from depression of the normal flora of the bowel through the administration of antibiotics. The depression of the normal flora increases the number of C. difficile bacteria within the intestines. The overgrowth of C. difficile causes diarrhea. Abdominal cramps, fever, and leukocytosis are noted in most patients. Symptoms usually begin 4 to 10 days after the initiation of antibiotic therapy (Elsevier,
According to the article The mechanism and efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea there is a great concern about increasing incidence of C. difficile infection due to use of broad spectrum antibiotics. Clindamycin, third generation of cephalosporins and flouroquinolones are considered high risk antibiotics. It is believed that normal gastrointestinal flora has potential effect in inhibition C.difficile growth and toxin A,B release which offen associated with sever diarrhea resulting in patient’s mortality and other comorbidities. After first episode, there is a high chance for relapses due to reduction serum IgG antibodies to toxin A and colonic IgA secretion cells.
According to Rohike and Stollman (2012), fecal microbiotic transplantation (FMT) first was used in 1958, as a treatment option for patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. However, the procedure was rarely performed or used in medical practice in the United States and in other countries. Because of increasing incidences and severity of CDI, FMT has gain acceptance as a quick and inexpensive treatment option (Brandt, 2012) for recurrent CDI. FMT involves the instillation of fecal material from a healthy individual into the intestinal track of a patient with recurrent CDI. Fecal material can be administered via endoscopy and colon...
Irregular bowel movements or constipation is quite a major and common concern in adults and babies as well. The condition becomes more challenging when it comes to babies. Parents of infants worry when their infant’s bowel movement is not regular and clear as that causes formation of gas and stomach pain.
The main purposes of the colon are to absorb water and electrolytes to compact the feces for expulsion and expulsion of the feces. The length of the colon is roughly one to one and a half meters and the diameter spans from two to eight centimeters. The colon is made up of seven sections. These sections are the cecum, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, the rectum and the anal canal.
Inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It can lead to severe bowel problems, abdominal pain and malnutrition. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis can also be painful and debilitating. Medication can eliminate symptoms, in addition to prevent flare-ups. Surgery may be needed in some cases to repair the colon.
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic condition with significant relapses and remissions and an increased mortality. A Norwegian study has shown that after 10 year the colectomy rate was 9.8%.19 The IBSEN study showed that 83% of people initially had reoccurring disease. Although 50% were shown to be symptomless after five years.19 This study also demonstrated that 20% of people with proctitis or left-sided colitis progressed to extensive colitis.19
No matter what, where, or who you are, water is a necessary component to keeping any organism alive. Although water is essential for life, in many places, clean drinking water is hard to find. There are many consequences to drinking contaminated water. Every year, three to five million people are attacked by water-borne diseases and over 100,000 of them die. One fatal disease that can kill within hours is cholera.
Among hospitalized patients around the world, Clostridium difficile is the primary source of infectious diarrhea. Previously, continuously unbalanced intestinal microbiota, usually due to antimicrobials, was deemed a precondition of developing the infection. However, recently, there have been alterations in the biology from virtually infecting the elderly population exclusively, wherein the microbiota in their guts have been interrupted by antimicrobials, to currently infecting individuals within of all age groups displaying no recent antimicrobial use. Furthermore, recent reports have confirmed critical occurrences among groups previously assumed to be of minimal risk—pregnant women, children, and individuals with no previous exposure to antimicrobials, for instance. Unfortunately, this Gram-positive, toxin-producing anaerobic bacterium is estimated to cost US critical care facilities $800 million per year at present, suggesting the need for effective measures to eliminate this nosocomial infection (Yakob, Riley, Paterson, & Clements, 2013).
The uncontainable despair of the weeping and screaming parents entering a room full of body bags containing the altered remains of their children. In a room drained with blood and surrounding fridges for the maintenance of the ejected organs, everything seems miserably surreal(“Children Kidnapped for Their Organs”). This is only one of the discovered cases of the daily dozens of people killed for organ harvestation. Adding up to ten thousand illegal operations in 2012 which translates to hourly sales (Samadi). These abhorrent acts add up as crimes against humanity which are triggered by a numerous amount of reasons; in order to stop these constant atrocities we must uncover the root of the causes.
The Cruise lines from all over the world have been hit hard with outbreaks of the “Stomach Flu.” This concerning illness is known as gastroenteritis and it can be caused by a handful of different bacteria and viruses. However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the “norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in the United States.”(cite cdc overview). Cruise lines have taken large measures to prevent and contain the spread of the norovirus but the latest cruise ship, Royal Caribbean, has been greatly impacted by the norovirus with over 600 passengers infected.
The liver plays central role in each of these phases of clotting process, as it synthesizes the majority of coagulation factors and proteins involved in fibrinolysis as well as thrombopoietin., which is responsible for platelet production from megakaryocytes. In cirrhosis, liver is badly get damaged. So the production of coagulation factors and proteins is impaired. Many pathological processes associated with cirrhosis, such as portal hypertension and endothelial dysfunction as well as co-morbid conditions, may also alter the coagulation process. Consequently, patients with liver disease as in cirrhosis, have a disturbed balance of procoagulant and anti- coagulant factors which deviates from the normal coagulation cascade.
People spend hours going to dialysis, doctor offices, and making sure all medications are took. “Coping with kidney failure is not just about managing the physical symptoms with treatment. It’s a major life change that can cause a great deal of stress and can give rise to a range of emotional reactions.” Different people react in various ways. Theres a pattern to the way that most people react. Some examples of emotional reactions are depression, stress, anxiety, and sexual problems. People may feel miserable because they are having difficulty coming to terms with some of the changes their conditions are striking against them. All human beings find change stressful. As a person with kidney failure they will have to handle more change than most people. It’s not just the change of their lifestyle, but the ongoing change dealing with adjustments of their diets, medications, and forms of treatment. There are plenty of ways kidney failures people can deal with stress such as, talking to someone who understands, doing fun activities, relaxing, or even taking short breaks. “Specific anxieties that renal patients may have are worries about how the illness will affect their relationship, their ability to work, their quality of life, and about understanding their conditions or managing their treatment.” Reasons for sexual problems include hormonal problems, medication, tiredness, emotional factors, and relationship difficulties.When on dialysis you will need to choose foods that give you the right amount of protein, calories, and minerals. When eating that it will help you stay healthy and fit and it also help your kidney disease from getting worse. There are five stages of kidney disease; their doctor determines thei...
As mentioned cholera is seen in developing countries, it is especially rampant in Sub-Sahara Africa and South East Asia. The main cause of Cholera having epidemic proportion in developing countries is due to unclean and infected water source. We can see Cholera running rampant in disaster and refugee setting where people are cramped in a small space and the unsanitary conditions. A study done by WHO in India has seen epidemic conditions of Cholera outbreaks. They mostly have a seasonal outbreaks, most of the cases are not reported and seem to be unregistered. Findings Of India's 35 states or union territories, 21 reported cholera cases during at least one year between 1997 and 2006. The state of West Bengal reported cases during all 10 years, while the state of Maharashtra and the union territory of Delhi reported cases during nine, and Orissa during seven. There were 68 outbreaks in 18 states, and 222 038 cases were detected overall. This figure is about six times higher than the number reported to WHO (37 783) over the same period. The states of Orissa, West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam and Chhattisgarh accounted for 91% of all outbreak-related cases. India has problems with sewage management, food and water safety is not monitored.
Many people think that the increased travel and trade between the world’s nations improved people’s lives. Although this increase had a positive effect, travel and trade also brought disasters. Foreign travelers and traders contributed to the wide spread of infectious diseases like cholera. A look at the general information, sources of infection and risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention and control will give a further insight on cholera.