Etiology
In layman’s term, peritonitis is the inflammation of the membrane lining the abdominal wall, the peritoneal cavity, and covering the abdominal organs. Peritonitis is characterized by the presence of infectious agents such as bacteria or fungi in the peritoneal cavity, rupture or perforation in the abdomen or as a complication resulting from other medical conditions. Peritonitis is infectious and may be idiopathic, which is when a disease arises spontaneously for an unknown cause. Peritonitis may be acute or chronic, septic or nonseptic, localized or generalized, or adhesive or exudative. In rare cases, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis results when the peritoneal cavity is infected by blood borne bacteria. Specific bacterial agents include gram-negative Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae. Usually only a single organism is involved in the disease. The more common type of peritonitis, known as secondary peritonitis, occurs when the infection comes into the peritoneum through a perforation in the abdominal wall. Peritonitis has existed since the beginning of time. In ancient India, Mesopotamia and Egypt no progress was made in surgery as penetrating wounds of the abdomen were treated simply by cleaning the bowel, suturing holes and returning the bowel into the abdomen. Embalming did not improve the knowledge of anatomy and physiology and while many diseases were put into a system of nosology, peritonitis was not one of them. Progress in the knowledge of peritonitis was made by
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Primary peritonitis, which is characterized by an infection that spreads from the bloodstream and lymph nodules to the peritoneal cavity is rare as it occurs in less than 1% of all worldwide cases. Secondary peritonitis is much more common as the infection results from perforation in the abdominal
Because of frequent shortages of water, surgeons often go days without washing their hands or instruments. So now germs are passing from patient to patient. The Civil War was fought at the end of the Middle Ages; therefore the Medical Corps was unqualified in all fields of medical care. Little was known about what caused the disease, how to stop it from spreading, or how to cure it. Surgical techniques range from the toughest to the easiest.
Ulcerative colitis progresses from the rectum and moves proximally. Distal disease refers to inflammation that is limited to the rectum (proctitis) or rectum and sigmoid colon. Here it is referred to as proctosigmioditis. If the disease is more extensive it includes the left side of the colon and can cover the splenic flexure. This occurs in 40% of patients. Extensive colitis occurs up to the hepatic flexure. Pan colitis affects the whole of the colon and this can affect up to 20% of patients. Some patients with pan colitis have involvement of the terminal ileum, this is caused by an incompetent ileocaecal valve.
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a respiratory tract infection characterized by a violent cough. The violent cough incudes a series of severe uncontrollable coughing, hacking, or whooping. (1) Pertussis is a very contagious disease caused by bacteria named Bordetella pertussis, which is transmitted through fluids from sneezing or coughing around a person’s breathing space. The bacteria release toxins, damage cilia, and cause airways to swell.
As you exit the bus, another passenger next to you starts to cough, and then you hold the handrail as you exit the bus. Since you’re late getting home, you take a shortcut through a field to get home quicker. These three simple acts just exposed you to bacteria, viruses, and insects that could cause illness or even death. Infectious diseases, also known as communicable disease, are spread by germs. Germs are living things that are found in the air, in the soil, and in water. You can be exposed to germs in many ways, including touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ. Animal and insect bites can also spread germs.1
The pancreas is a large gland that is located in the upper abdomen that secretes digestive juices, and releases insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. Pancreatitis is a medical term for inflammation of the pancreas. When the pancreas is inflamed, it can progress to swelling of the gland, and surrounding blood vessels, bleeding, infection, and damage to the gland. It occurs when digestives enzymes start digesting the pancreas itself. Pancreatitis has two types; acute or chronic and either type can be life-threatening and have some serious complications.
Clinical manifestations of pertussis in adolescents and adults are often less severe than in infants and children. If previously immunized, a prolonged cough may be the only symptom. Other symptoms may include sputum production, sweating episodes, and sore throat. Complications of pertussis can result in pneumonia or otitis media. A severe cough may contribute to urinary incontinence, rib fracture, lumbar strain, hernia, and rarely stroke, or seizure in relation to hypoxia (Cornia & Lipsky, 2017). Complications of pertussis may be more severe in the elderly, those with other comorbidities, or ones that are immunocompromised.
The Cruise lines from all over the world have been hit hard with outbreaks of the “Stomach Flu.” This concerning illness is known as gastroenteritis and it can be caused by a handful of different bacteria and viruses. However, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the “norovirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in the United States.”(cite cdc overview). Cruise lines have taken large measures to prevent and contain the spread of the norovirus but the latest cruise ship, Royal Caribbean, has been greatly impacted by the norovirus with over 600 passengers infected.
The liver plays central role in each of these phases of clotting process, as it synthesizes the majority of coagulation factors and proteins involved in fibrinolysis as well as thrombopoietin., which is responsible for platelet production from megakaryocytes. In cirrhosis, liver is badly get damaged. So the production of coagulation factors and proteins is impaired. Many pathological processes associated with cirrhosis, such as portal hypertension and endothelial dysfunction as well as co-morbid conditions, may also alter the coagulation process. Consequently, patients with liver disease as in cirrhosis, have a disturbed balance of procoagulant and anti- coagulant factors which deviates from the normal coagulation cascade.
The kidneys are responsible for several necessary functions, which include maintain proper blood pressure levels, filtering toxins and wastes from the bloodstream, excreting the waste through urine, contribute to the production of red blood cells and producing a variety of essential enzymes and hormones. Approximately 30 percent of cats develop kidney disease during their lifetime; many of these cases will progress to kidney failure. When the kidneys fail to perform properly, the cat 's life is at risk.
A urinary tract infection is a very common infection that can happen to anybody. A urinary tract infection usually occurs when bacteria enters the urethra and multiples in the urinary system. The Urinary tract includes the kidneys, the thin tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters), and the main tube that carries the urine from the bladder (urethra). Women, men, and children are all immune to this infection. Women have the highest chances of getting it. In the Urinary tract, the main links of the ureters help get rid of any bacteria that tries to enter the urine, and the bladder helps prevent urine from backing up into the kidneys.
The pathophysiology of appendicitis in children is different from that of adults because of the varying anatomic location and vulnerability of the appendix throughout childhood. For example, neonatal appendicitis is infrequent because of their funnel-shaped appendix, soft diet, recumbent posture, and infrequent gastrointestinal and upper respiratory infections. As the child ages, lymphoid follicle hyperplasia and size of the appendix gradually increase throughout childhood and peak in adolescence, which represents the highest incidence of appendicitis (Jennifer R. Marin MD, 2011). Fecalith, a stony mass of feces, obstruct the appendix which results in appendicitis. This obstruction consequences in distention, venous engorgement and the accumulation
Cystitis is the medical term for inflammation of the urinary bladder. Most of the time, the inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, and it’s called a urinary tract infection. A bladder infection can be painful and annoying, and it can become a serious health problem if the infection spreads to your kidney.
Sepsis is a “cunning, insidious and non-specific illness” (Raynor, 2012) but progression can be rapturous with a sudden catastrophic circulatory collapse and mortality up to 50%. (Angus et al., 2001) Over five million cases arise per year of maternal sepsis, resulting in an estimated 62,000 maternal deaths globally (WHO, 2008) During the 18th and 19th century, puerperal sepsis resulted in 50% of maternal deaths over Europe (Loudon, 2000). The World Health Organisation (WHO) defined puerperal sepsis as ‘infection of the genital tract occurring at any time between the rupture of membranes or labour, and the 42nd day postpartum, of which two or more of the following are present: pelvic pain, fever 38.5C or more, abnormal vaginal discharge, abnormal smell of discharge, and delay in the rate of reduction of size of uterus (less than 2 cm a day during the first 8 days)’ (WHO, 1992).
There are many diseases that fit into each of the four categories, if not one category, maybe two or more.
There are numerous public health problems that can be addressed in my Southside of Chicago community. Among the several public health problems facing my Southside of Chicago community there are two that are more urgent. Health education or one might say lack thereof is a problem that needs to be addressed. My community is plagued with many of the residents suffering from high blood pressure, diabetes, and the killer virus known as HIV. In most cases these conditions can be prevented with healthier lifestyles and access to nutritious organic foods. In addition, environmental health is another urgent problem my community is facing. Access to clean, safe water and air is supposed to be a fundamental human right aimed at a healthy environment. Yet, my community consists a waste contaminated beach, numerous deteriorated building that are still occupied, and a countless number of restaurant and stores supplying our residents with services that are endangering their health.