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No Laughing Matter-
Mark Twain’s use of Satire to Uncover the Hypocrisy of Man The human race has always boasted its image as the superior species with the ability to think critically, create masterpieces that outlast themselves, and stand on their own two feet; however, when one peers into the true image of human nature, the reality is far from what is portrayed. From discrimination to hypocrisy, the truth has always been exploited to reinforce the “superior species” narrative. Hypocrisy in particular tends to be the most pervasive human flaw and is also “often allied with moral relativism, the personal belief that the moral [,] ethical [, and scientific] standards of others do not necessarily apply to oneself”. Human Beings, or society more
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When talking about hypocrisy in human nature, the conversation would be incomplete without a look into the hypocrisy of religion. Countless acts of cruelty and brutality have been committed in the name of a “loving” God or deity who preaches forgiveness and kindness to all. Religion has been the mask used my human beings for justification of many crimes against fellow humans and has been the cry to war and genocide for centuries. Disturbed about the change the United States underwent from freeing a colonized population to become the aggressors in the Philippines, Mark Twain voiced his reservations in his essay. His essay “utilizes an archetypal figure to vivify the unspoken side of prayer” (Davis), the human cost of the other side. The archetype is embodied as an old wise man claiming that a prayer for victory also entailed a prayer for “destruction for another.” (Davis) Much can be said about the old man’s role and significance in the essay; however, his appearance tells the reader much. He is described as “an aged stranger entered … his long body clothed in a robe that reached to his feet, his head bare, his white hair descending in a frothy cataract to his shoulders, his seamy face unnaturally pale, pale even to ghastliness.” His description is very similar to the stereotypical physical characteristics of a higher being, or even God himself. Twains use of this description of the old man is no coincidence. Due to the old man’s appearance, one could be lead to think that Twain is using a character so physically similar to God to show the reader the real hypocrisy in “confusing the Creator with a destroyer” (Davis). Comparisons can also be made between the old man and Jesus Christ. Just like in the story of Jesus Christ, the man’s warning was ignored and he was branded a lunatic and all but insane. The people of the Church also doubt when the old
“The Convergence of the Twain” is a nonlinear retelling of the Titanic disaster of 1912; however, on a deeper level, the poem explores hubris, downfall, and how fate connects hubris to downfall. Through tone, diction and juxtaposition, the speaker describes the sinking of the Titanic as inevitable and necessary.
His Own Voice Mark Twain has a distinct writing style that includes had opinionated satire and presented social classes. These elements are present in the novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. In ch.4 of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, a judge comes to Tom’s religious school and tries to get the students attention by saying, “Now, children, I want you all to sit up just as straight and pretty as you can and give me all of your attention for a minute or two. That’s the way good little boys and girls should do.” When writing this, Twain has demonstrated his satire against religion and the church.
Twain condemns the Church by claiming they utilize religion to manipulate the people. The nobles, he says, use their power over the people for political gains and they fail to serve the people with stability. Instead, they have furthered ingrained the concepts of nobility and social inequality in the minds of the people. They tolerate the people being treated like second class citizens and
Twain’s use of irony in his piece “War Prayer” is used throughout by the church and their willingness to pray to God for protection of patriots however this would result in the wrong doing or even death of the others.
Humans tend to think of themselves as the best of the best and consider other beings to be pathetic in comparison. In Mark Twain’s satirical essay,”The Lowest Animal,” he argues that in fact, humans are the ones that are the lowest animals, not the superior species as they like to think. Twain utilizes concrete examples, irony, and satire to make his argument that humans are greedy and foolish, making them the lowest animals.
All members of society are subject to sociological rules and regulations that are often hypocritical. These hypocrisies, both concrete and unspoken, are the subject of criticism by authors the world over, utilizing various methods and styles to ridicule society's many fables.
“Man is the Cruel Animal. He is alone in that distinction.” (Twain) Mark Twain discusses his ideas and feelings regarding humanity in this satirical essay. He points out that although humans possess a sense of morals, they use it as a compass to perform evil. He goes on to compare the human race with other, “lower animals” and points out that man is actually less evolved than any of them. Although clearly satire, his piece could be more successful if he did not apply sweeping generalizations and clearly exaggerated examples. His points on the flaws of humankind do have some validity, but the presentation of the argument takes away from its credibility.
Humans have natural capacity to judge their own species and a history of ostracizing members of their own into unfavorable categories both in physical and mental ways. Although governments around the world have stood up for equality and made laws that prohibit segregation, humans continue to make negative judgments and treat people unfairly based on them. In his short story “Cathedral” Raymond Carver suggests the idea that naturally judgmental humans lack insight until an experience similar to the narrator’s allow them to become vulnerable, gain perspective, and grow as a person.
In the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain illustrates several traits that are common in mankind. Among these traits are those that are listed in this essay. Through characters in the story Twain shows humanity's innate courageousness. He demonstrates that individuals many times lack the ability to reason well. Also, Twain displays the selfishness pervasive in society. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, many aspects of the human race are depicted, and it is for this reason that this story has been, and will remain, a classic for the ages.
The short story, “The Damned Human Race”, seems to take the form of a scientific journal. Throughout the passage, Twain writes of experiments he performed and hypotheses he had developed by watching the human race. The whole article has almost a mocking tone. He writes of how he was able to put several animals in a cage together and they all “lived together in peace;even affectionately”, but when he placed people of different religions and ethnicities together, they all killed one another. I think that he used this tone, because it is effective in creating a satire, which is highly effective at catching people’s attention. It makes a passage memorable, because it almost seems ridiculous. This use of tone completes the idea that humanity is
Hypocrisy is simultaneously one of the most shameful and identifiable character flaws. Although it is fairly common to experience feelings of resentment toward a person who believes (or claims they believe) one thing and then acts incongruently with that belief, to accuse that person of being a hypocrite requires examination of one’s own inconsistencies before pointing a finger. Mark Twain, a brilliant and iconoclastic classic author, manipulates the paradoxical nature of hypocrisy in telling the story of Huckleberry Finn, an innocent-minded protagonist who encounters hypocritical characters frequently along his journey. When Twain’s reader notices through Huck’s eyes that an otherwise God-fearing, honorable person does something immoral without questioning his or her actions, it encourages the reader to reconsider his or her own transgressions. With a multitude of hypocritical characters in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain pokes at the reader’s conscience by catching their judgments and fostering a less-blind eye to one’s own iniquities.
Mark Twain, in his Juvenalian essay “The War Prayer” (1916) asserts that patriotic and religious fervor is not a motivation of war. He supports his claim by implementing spiteful irony of situation, grim hyperboles, and effective allegories. Twain’s purpose is to address the immorality of the United State’s involvement in the Philippine War in order to make patriotic and religious people aware of their hypocrisy about war. He adopts a grim, didactic tone (“help us to tear their soldiers to bloody shreds… help us to lay waste their humble homes with a hurricane of fire… ”) for a religious, patriotic, and feminine populace during the time of World War I.
From the beginning of the human race; since man first stepped into the world from beneath the depths of the mighty sea; the jungles of Africa; or from God himself, humans have been presented as the dominant species. Humanity assumes the stature of alpha predator, master of all of God’s creations, and the center of the universe solely from being born on Earth. The misconception of mankind’s importance in the universe has resulted in a species-wide ethnocentrism revolving around the theories of early chauvinism. These theories stem from mankind’s own arrogance, and have distorted its reality as to where its importance lies in the universe. The human races’s ego has developed into an exceedingly destructive problem towards itself, and will continue
This view, that humans are of special moral status, is constantly attempted to be rationalized in various ways. One such defense is that we are not morally wrong to prioritize our needs before the needs of nonhuman animals for “the members of any species may legitimately give their fellows more weight than they give members of other species (or at least more weight than a neutral view would grant them). Lions, too, if they were moral agents, could not then be criticized for putting other lions first” (Nozick, 79). This argument, that we naturally prefer our own kind, is based on the same fallacy used by racists while defending their intolerant beliefs and therefore should be shown to have no logical merit.
Moral relativism, as Harman describes, denies “that there are universal basic moral demands, and says different people are subject to different basic moral demands depending on the social customs, practices, conventions, and principles that they accept” (Harman, p. 85). Many suppose that moral feelings derive from sympathy and concern for others, but Harman rather believes that morality derives from agreement among people of varying powers and resources provides a more plausible explanation (Harman, p. 12).The survival of these values and morals is based on Darwin’s natural selection survival of the fittest theory. Many philosophers have argued for and against what moral relativism would do for the world. In this essay, we will discuss exactly what moral relativism entails, the consequences of taking it seriously, and finally the benefits if the theory were implemented.