1) Draw and label the parts of the heart.
2) What diagnostic tests can be done to evaluate heart function?
Due to the fact that we thrive in a prevalent world of technological advances significantly more convenient machines have been granted. Furthermore, the diagnostic tests that can be done to evaluate heart function are:
Electrocardiograms (ECG or EKG)
Chest X-ray
Echocardiogram
Cardiac catheterization
3) Define the following terms:
Arrhythmia- a condition in which the heart beats with an irregular or abnormal rhythm
Cardioversion- is a medical procedure by which an abnormally fast heart rate (tachycardia or cardiac arrhythmia) is converted to a normal rhythm using electricity or drugs
Depolarization- The deprivation or the process of
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Thrombosis- local coagulation or clotting of the blood in a part of the circulatory system
4) What is an EKG / ECG?
The two terms EKG/ ECG are abbreviations for electrocardiograms
5) Explain where EKG leads are placed and why.
V1 (Septal) 4th Intercostal space to the right of the sternum
V2 (Septal) 4th Intercostal space to the left of the sternum
V3 (Anterior) Midway between V2 and V4
V4 (Anterior) 5th Intercostal space at the midclavicular line
V5 (Lateral) Anterior axillary line at the same level as V4
V6 (Lateral) Mid-axillary line at the same level as V4 and V5
RL Anywhere above the ankle and below the torso
RA Anywhere between the shoulder and the elbow
LL Anywhere above the ankle and below the
Both tests are very useful for assessing the pulmonary and cardiac system health of the individual being examined. This involves examining the individual’s response to the test by assessing their BP, HR, oxygen intake abilities, and using this information to infer whether they have some type of internal impairment. This includes
Cardiogenic Shock is defined as decreased cardiac output and evidence of tissue hypoxia in the presence of adequate intravascular volume
Irregular heartbeat, heartbeat abnormalities, and arrhythmia all describe the disease known as atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is a common heart condition that affects the heart’s ability to pump blood at a regular pace. This includes heartbeats that are too rapid or irregularly. (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2014). Atrial fibrillation, also known as AF or Afib is the most prevalent heart arrhythmia with 2.7 million affected in the United States alone (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2014; American Heart Association 2012b). Sufferers of atrial fibrillation have the ability to control this disease with life alterations and the variety of treatments available with today’s technological advances.
The study of cardio physiology was broken up into five distinct parts all centering on the cardiovascular system. The first lab was utilization of the electrocardiogram (ECG). This studied the electrical activities of the heart by placing electrodes on different parts of the skin. This results in a graph on calibrated paper of these activities. These graphs are useful in the diagnosis of heart disease and heart abnormalities. Alongside natural heart abnormalities are those induced by chemical substances. The electrocardiogram is useful in showing how these chemicals adjust the electrical impulses that it induces.
Heart Failure (HF) is prevalent disorder that affected 6.6 million people in the United Sates during 2010 (Patarroyo-Aponte & Colvin-Adams, 2014). The heart lacks the ability to push oxygenated blood throughout the cardiovascular system. This disorder prevents vital organs from getting the oxygen needed in order to perform their duties as well. The disorder must be managed and maintained since HF is a disorder that not only affects the heart but respiratory system, endocrine system, digestive system and all other system (Chiarugi, Colantonio, Emmanouilidou, Martinelli, Moroni, & Salvetti, 2010). Heart failure is a serious disorder is which expected to increase by 25% by the year 2030. To coincide with the people diagnosed with heart failure, 50% of these people will die within the 5 years of being diagnosed (Patarroyo-Aponte & Colvin-Adams, 2014). With these numbers of diagnoses and mortality puts a strain on the quality of healthcare, cost of healthcare and workflow of healthcare system. However, the earlier the patient can be diagnosed with heart failure will help decrease mortality rates, hospital stays and cost of treatments. One of the ways of early detection for heart failure is by the implementation of a clinical decision support system (CDSS) into a healthcare facility.
Hypertension increases the risk of heart failure 2 to 3 fold. (He, et al, 2001) The American College of Cardiology (ACC) has identified 4 stages of heart failure. (Hunt, Abraham, Chin et al, 2009). Screening patients for heart failure is sometimes controversial. Health care administrators...
Oxygen is vital to a beating, healthy heart because it is needed to perform cellular respiration in order to pump the blood. When there is no oxygen being transported to the heart, the heart cannot pump blood, and eventually after being inactive, the heart tissue dies . This results in a heart attack. Heart attacks can be diagnosed before it is too late. One method of diagnosis is through a blood test. Blood tests are capable of sorting through the material found in blood, and if heart cell contents are found in the specimen, a heart attack can be diagnosed. If the levels of the cell contents are higher, this signifies that the heart attack is more severe. Another method of diagnosis is an electrocardiogram (ECG). An ECG measures the rhythm of the heart in order to detect defects. There are many other strategies that are used by doctors in order to diagnose a heart attack, such as chest x-rays, stress tests, tilt table tests, and echocardiograms, to name a few. A myocardial biopsy involves looking at the heart cells, and is accomplished by collecting a sample of heart cells from the patient. If the results are positive, a heart attack is diagnosed. A heart MRI involves looking at images of the heart in order to detect heart failure. The doctor uses the images to look for disorders in the structure of the
Introduction: In year 10, biology, we have been studying the heart: the functions of the heart, the parts of the heart (ventricle, atrium) and heart problems. We have also been studying the heart rate of humans. We were asked to create an experiment to see what affects heart rate. We discovered that diet, stress, cholesterol levels, excitement, mass, age, temperature and exercise affect the heart.
Some treatments can be used. An electronic pace-maker can be inserted and it will send electronic impulse to the heart stimulating it to beat at a normal rhythm. Pace-makers are only inserted when the heart beats too slow. Tachycardis can also be very serious. It can lead to disabling symptoms and even death.
George Whitesides presentation is focused on how, in a world dominated by money, you can mass produce some type of way to test for diseases in poor areas of the world without sending in a doctor or having a lab. Well his solution was a small urine test, about the size of a postage stamp. These tests are small, lightweight, made of paper and carpet tape and cost close to nothing to produce. The paper wicks bodily fluids, urine for example, and the paper changes color to provide diagnostic information, such as showing how much glucose or protein is present. His goal is to distribute these simple paper diagnostic systems to developing countries, where people with basic training can administer tests and send results to distant doctors with a cellphone. (http://www.ted.com/speakers/george_whitesides.html)
2- The five client/patient management elements are: Examination, Evaluation, Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Intervention. Examination, evaluation and reaching to the diagnosis and prognosis are all important elements that guide the physical therapist to determine the most proper intervention. • Examination has three main components: the process of collecting such important data as the medical history, reviewing the data, and selecting the tests and measures. Furthermore, it is a comprehensive screening process that guides the physical therapist to either handle the patient’s case or refer him/her to other disciplines. Example: the physical therapist took the patient’s full medical history and did the needed physical examinations for the post operated shoulder as: the pain intensity, the range of motion, strength test, and the functional level of the patient.
I am sure I have not listened well on more than one occasion. The one that stands out the most was the news from the doctor about my sister’s diagnosis of a deadly brain tumor. This information sent me into a tailspin and caused my listening skills to diminish. I wish that I could have controlled my emotions better to grasp the reality of the situation. I did not follow the steps of listening; therefore, I suffered not gaining the information I needed about her diagnosis.
Cardiovascular fitness can also be known as cardiovascular endurance, aerobic fitness and cardiovascular respiratory fitness. In order to increase your cardiovascular conditioning you have to practice active high energy activities or active sporting activities which can be of enough intensity for getting your heartbeat into your target heart rate zone. A great little free calculator for working out your heart-rate zone can be fount at: http://exercise.about.com/cs/fitnesstools/l/bl_THR.htm
Arrhythmia: Heart Rhythm Disorder – Information on the condition of having an arrhythmia of the heart.
In an effort to provide a synthesis of current meta-analysis research, the literature review focused on two (2) broad research topics, student outcomes and professional development and implementation. Additionally, 1:1 educational technology and K-12 technology initiatives along with research on the effectiveness of 1:1 implementation on improving student learning is addressed.