People accumulate knowledge as well as experiences on a daily basis and organize them in the so-called schemas. These schemas help people process and evaluate information more efficiently because they do not have to reassess similar instance whenever they encounter familiar experiences (Bartlett & Burt, 1933). Besides, schemas provide expectations, the extent to which information in an ad conform to some predefined knowledge structures (Lee & Mason, 1999), which affect the processing of specific situations (Goodman, 1980). For example, an individual who has only purchased liquid honey as the only form of honey would expect honey texture to be liquid. If he sees liquid honey at the supermarket, his expectation is confirmed and he does not need …show more content…
However, if he sees creamed or crystallized honey, he would question the quality of those types of honey and rethink the concept of honey texture.
Congruity theory attempts to explore how people’s responses could be influenced by the confirmation and disconfirmation of expectations (Mandler, 1982). According to this theory, individuals perceive a specific situation to be schema-congruent if it is consistent with their prior knowledge structure. Because of the information
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People’ self-regulation differs by individual and its development depends on different styles of parenting during childhood. According to Higgins and Silberman (1998), there are parents who consistently focus on encouraging children to behave desirably to achieve positive outcomes, rewarding children when they reach a goal and those who primarily focus on preventing children from creating negative outcomes by teaching children how to avoid potential dangers and punishing them when they behave undesirably. The former parenting style makes children think more about the ideal things they would and would not do whereas the latter parenting style makes children think more about things they ought and ought not to do. The consequences of these parenting styles are the differences in children’ desired goals and in their favorable means to attain those goals (Higgins & Silberman, 1998). On the basis of these parenting styles, Higgins (1996) presents the regulatory focus theory which proposes two separate self-regulatory orientations of individuals: prevention and promotion. Individuals with stronger promotion focus in their goal pursuits concentrate on accomplishment, advancement and aspiration. They are sensitive to attainment so they prefer an eager strategy as it can ensure they could gain and ensure against the presence
When Ezra was eight years old, he had a psychologist report done that asked a set of questions not only to him but also to myself about my parenting style. I scored high in the top 15 percentiles in not only warmth and affection but also discipline and control. Being high in all four aspects of parenting styles puts me into the authoritative style (Bee & Boyd, 2012). In The Developing Child, the authors describe the parents with this parenting style as those that are “setting clear limits, expecting and reinforcing socially mature behavior, and at the same time responding to the child’s individual needs (Bee & Boyd, 2012, p. 326).” As I reflect on certain situations, I can tell that this style guided my parenting. For example, when Ezra was 6 he frequently cheated at games if he knew he could get away with it. My response, with accordance to my authoritative parenting style, was to beginning teaching him right and wrong, not getting upset, but to bring up the cheating and tell him to play by the rules despite him not having a “strong sense of mortality (Manis, 2008).” I decided to use that option because I wanted Ezra to learn from the experience but continue to play the game and have
Another quality of a good parent is the ability to exert self control in situations where chi...
Nearly everyone in the modern world has heard of the term self-control, a seemingly non-important or uninteresting topic of interest. However, self-control has been related to having one of the most significant impacts on a person. Even some have gone as far to say that self-control is the “biggest predictor of a successful and satisfying life” (Pinker 1), which are bold words for a topic that many merely disregard. The idea of self-control is a concept coined in the Victorian era, and appears immensely throughout the novel, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, written by R.F. Baumeister & J. Tierney. Essentially a self-help book, ‘Willpower’ provides explanations for why humans are doing the things that they do, and why people aren’t always as virtuous as they may be expected to be. Self-control affects many facets of a person’s life, and by looking at how it is presented in psychology, and in Baumeister and Tierney’s novel, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, one will see the correlations and differences between modern research and historical perspectives on the idea of self-control, and ultimately decide if the idea of self-control is an inherent trait or a learned condition.
Dweck finds that children with a fixed mindset “see challenges, mistakes and even the need to exert effort as threats to their ego.” (Dweck 3). This leads to children focusing too much on other people’s opinions instead
Permissive style—also known as the indulgent style—dominantly focuses on nurturance, but not as much in regards to control, maturity demands (level of expectations), and communication. Therefore, despite the high tolerance and warmth of the parents, permissive style often results in unfavourable outcomes in a child. Such negative influences are evident throughout children’s development to their adolescence. Adolescents raised by permissive parents tend to do less well
Jackson, J. P., Clements, P. T., Averill, J. B., & Zimbro, K. (2009). Patterns of knowing:
“Fortunately, children do not need “perfect” parents. They do need mothers and fathers who will think on their feet and who will be thoughtful about what they have done. They do need parents who can be flexible, and who can use a variety of approaches to discipline.” - James L. Hymes, Jr. this quote, I can say, is physically very true. If it wasn’t my father who was rigorous to...
The second dimension of parenting behavior is parental control, or strictness of parental standards. A parent who is moderately controlling sets high performance standards and expects increasingly mature behavior. A parent wh...
...r adoration. However, with disciplines, guidelines and standards of behavior- authoritative have raised their children had better result: strong self-expression, sensitive emotional modulation and good social skills, while permissive parenting style which adherent in indulgence with low expectation of their competence is easily to turn children into worse problems.
“Growth of self-regulation is a cornerstone of early childhood development and is visible in all areas of behavior” (Shonkoff & Phillips, 2000)
Throughout childhood and our adolescent years, we learn to control our emotions, eventually gaining an understanding of how and when it is appropriate to express or suppress those emotions. This technique is referred to as emotional regulation or effortful control and is considered a lifelong endeavor, with early childhood being a crucial time for development (Berger. 2014, p.210) According to Berger, by age 6 signs of emotional regulation are evident with most children being able to become upset or angry without emotional outburst or proud without being narcissistic (Gross,2014; Lewis,2013). Emotional control and delayed gratification are developed using motivation either intrinsic (the joy felt within after achieving something) or extrinsic (the gratification felt after receiving praise or acknowledgment from outside sources) (Berger. 2014, p.214). Unlike intrinsic motivation, because extrinsic motivation requires outside reinforcements to be achieved, once the extrinsic reward stops, so does the behavior; unless it becomes habitual due to intrinsic gratification (Berger,2014, p.214).
The theoretical and practical implications of inconsistent and consistent information in the Psychology of Stereotypical Behavior differentiates in two ways. With consistent information, a group is known for certain behaviors (negative or positive), and the subject who is analyzing the behavior may lose interest since the known behavior is consistent with the stereotype. However, when a group shows inconsistencies of the perceived stereotypical behaviors, then the analyzer will question the inconsistencies, and give specific attention to the group.
Research studies identified two theories that help explain the consistency theory. First, let’s look at what defines consistency. Researchers found individuals feel good when the environment and attitude of others match their anticipated beliefs and assumptions (Larson, C., 2013, p. 218). This alliance defines the type of consistency that exists when individuals know what to expect from interpersonal relationships and circumstances that surround them (Larson, C., 2013, p. 219). The studies theorized that most individuals pursue cognitive balance to experience emotional satisfaction and enjoyment (Larson, C., 2013, p, 219. When inconsistency is found in behavior or environment it causes individuals to either change self or adjust their analysis to achieve balance (Larson, C., 2013, p. 219). Furthermore, it is important for target receivers to understand, recognize and predict factors that construct lack of balance and lack of consistency (Larson, C., 2013, p. 219). For example, an effective persuader will pinpoint the target receiver’s standards for judging or deciding and devi...
“Self-concept consists of knowledge, views and evaluation of the self, ranging from miscellaneous facts of personal history to the identity that gives a sense of purpose and coherence to life” (McCrae and Costa, 1996). With self-concept, we learn who we are by observing ourselves and using our cognitive processes to judge and evaluate our behaviour. However, with self-regulation, we are able to use this knowledge and judgment and apply it to future situations and so predicts behaviour and says a lot about our personality. If we are willing to cognitively analyse past situations and apply it effectively to future situations, this means we are changing our behaviour, thus changing our
There are as many parenting styles as there are children, and every child requires a unique approach because every child is a unique individual[4]. However, when the middle ground is removed and one is forced to choose between the two extremes of parenting, a permissive style is more beneficial to a child’s development than an authoritarian style. Children raised by more permissive parents generally tend to grow up to be more creative individuals[2], have a better grasp on the consequences of their actions[1] and maintain better relationships with their parents[2].