1.1) Primitive conditions on Earth
The conditions on early Earth, when dated back to 4 billion years, are very different now. Keeping in view the “Big Bang Theory” the conditions were very extreme in the terms of temperature. Consequently, the earth was extremely hot, causing the evaporation of liquid into the atmosphere. Gradually, as the earth cooled, the water vapors in the atmosphere condensed and fell as rain. They did not boil away but remained in pools that eventually converted into lakes and oceans.
In addition to that, the earth was constantly bombarded with meteorites and other space debris due to no protection. Therefore it is believed that early Earth's atmosphere consisted of hydrogen, nitrogen, ammonia, methane, water vapors and carbon dioxide. Here it is to be noted that primitive Earth atmosphere lacked oxygen. The early atmosphere consisted of hot hydrogen gas, not light enough to be held by Earth's gravity. Later on water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and methane took place of the hydrogen that was present in atmosphere. The seas and oceans were formed by the condensation of those vapors. Other conditions like lightning, volcanic activity, and ultraviolet radiation took place too. It was in this scenario that life began.
1.2) Conditions that support life on Earth
1.2.1.1) Oxygen
It is a highly reactive gas that can form compounds with many other elements. It is the third most abundant element on Earth, following hydrogen and helium. It is the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust by mass. About 20.8% oxygen is present in Earth’s air. Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, bones, teeth, all of these require oxygen thus life is not possible without oxygen. Above all, all ce...
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...ous than it is today. Recently, Jeffrey Bada of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography has proposed that the oceans would not completely freeze if at that time the sun and the Earth would have been of same temperature. Instead, he calculates that only the top 300 meters of the ocean would freeze over.
The layer of ice provides a protective shield by preventing ultra-violet light, which causes the destruction of organic compounds, from accessing the molecules under development. The water beneath the ice is cold, allowing for organic molecules to survive over much longer periods of time. These organic molecules must have migrated from thermal vents. The components that are required for organic synthesis such as the Strecker synthesis would have been provided and kept stable, while the bottom of the ocean would have provided a place for organics to gather and react.
In Genesis chapter 1:2 God 's spirit was hovering over the surface of the waters." before God changed anything water existed on the Earth. In the sky tree it says that "In the beginning, earth was covered in water." so water had always been on Earth since the start. In the creation story in How the World Was Made it states " in the long time ago, when everything was all water" once again water was before anything else.
oxygen out of the blood and uses it in the body's cells. The cells use
The Hadean era ranges from 4.6 billion years ago to 3.8 billion years ago. Included in this period was a time of major changes in the Earth’s formation. It involves the origin of the atmosphere, volcanic outgassing, and H2O, H2, HCL, CO, CO2, N2, and sulfur gases. Little or no free oxygen was present in this period. The evidence that supports the oxygen theory include: Urbanite and pyrite are readily oxidized today, in modern times, but are found unoxidized in sediments from here, chemical “building blocks” could not have formed in the presence of oxygen and the simplest living organisms have an anaerobic metabolism and would have been killed by oxygen. It also included the origin of the continental crust. Most of the early crust was mafic and the continental developed secondary to that.
The earth is about four billion years old, within the span of these four billion years; the earth has become accustomed to various transitions and dissimilar geological and environmental permutations. The Ice age period has been the subject of much debate regarding these various transitions. As the rate at which geological disasters on earth continue to intensify we begin to ask ourselves whether it is possible for an ice age to spontaneously occur overnight. Nonetheless, In order for such a disaster to persist, massive improbable geological events would have to occur and graft coherently which is evidently and scientifically impossible. The notion that an ice age can occur overnight is implausible for the reason being that: Global warming is on a evidential rise , chances of catastrophic volcanic activity as deteriorated and the earth's orbit is at a period of solar radiation absorption.
...lision, sea levels were lower. The poles began to gain ice caps. Due to all the ice, the sea levels dropped even more. With the sea levels decreasing, there was more land between continents for animals to travel across. Due to the continually cooling climates, the earth entered an Ice Age. The lower sea levels and new mountain ranges contributed to it. There were a lot more ice caps than there are today.
2. Which of the following was not a source of heat for the early Earth?
Polar ice is sea ice created from the freezing of sea water, ice sheets and glaciers. These in turn are formed from the build up and compaction of fallen snow. Both the ice sheets and glaciers cover vast areas of the Polar Regions. This polar ice is hugely important to our globe and takes up a large part of it. Global sea-ice coverage averages about 25 million kilometers square; this is the area of the entire North America continent. The ice sheets, which cover the land, with the glaciers cover about 15 million kilometers square; this is almost 10% of the Earth’s land area, with the majority on Antarctica (Earthobservatory.nasa.gov, 2013).
There are lots of natural processes constantly happening all around us, these processes are often linked by passing one type of atom to the next process which passes the same atom to the next one and so on. This ‘passing of the atom’ along a chain of processes is called a cycle, the series of processes in which the carbon atom goes through is called the carbon cycle. Each Carbon is the fourth most affluent element in the universe and is an important part of most molecules that make up most of the world’s natural resources and organic matter, which is why the carbon cycle is one of the most important cycles on earth. Through-out the cycle, carbon can become several different forms such as sugar, oil, diamond and marble. Processes such as photosynthesis, combustion and the compression of the earth play key roles in changing, containing and releasing carbon. All the chemical reactions and processes and forms carbon creates are part of the carbon cycle, which is one of the most important cycle on earth. The majority of carbon on earth is in the atmosphere the rest is stored in rocks, fossil fuels, oceans, plants and soil. Carbon is constantly being added to the atmosphere, the most common forms being carbon dioxide and methane gas. At the same time it’s being removed by plants on land and in the oceans. Carbon can be stored for hundreds of years in sediment, fossil fuels, rocks and the ocean. The carbon in the atmosphere is almost always a compound called carbon dioxide.
Water has three stages—liquid, gas and solid. Water on Earth can be liquid as rain, streams, or oceans. It can be a solid like hail, ice or snow. It can be a gas like vapor, steam or clouds. As described by the Department of Atmospheric Sciences (2010), the hydrologic cycle is the process of water changing from liquid to gas to solid. The energy of the sun drives the changes to water. When water is heated up, it evaporates, turning into a gas to form steam or vapor. The water vapor rises with warm air that when meets cooler air, condenses to form clouds. These clouds and water vapor can be transported around the world. Precipitation is when water falls to Earth, in warmer temperatures as liquid and in temperatures, as a solid. On Earth, precipitation can evaporate again or infiltrate the Earth to become groundwater. As ground water it can collect in oceans, rivers or on snowy mountaintops and glaciers. It can also be released back into the atmosphere via transpiration, when water evaporates off soil, trees. When water evaporates, the cycle starts again.
In Genesis, god created merely by speaking. It was god who created the heavens and earth also known as cosmos. Water was already pre-existent matter; everything else was created by god. It all began when god spoke in the darkness and said let there be light and there was light. God saw that the light was good. During the day there would be light, and the darkness would be at night. By the second and third day, god created a firmament (dome) which separated the waters from the waters. God called the firmament heaven and said that all the waters under heaven should be gathered as one allowing for dry land to appear. This created one place for the water and another place for dry land. It was the dry land that beca...
All three of the creation stories, How the World Was Made, The Sky Tree, and Genesis, share several common characteristics. One of these characteristics includes how, when the world was first created, the earth was all water before any land was created. For example, in How the World Was
How life originated on earth is a question that people have wondered for ages. One possibility that answer this brilliant question is the panspermia theory, which suggests that life on earth originated thanks to the contribution of cosmic beings that come from any point in the universe. This hypothesis does not speak of organisms ranging in meteorites moving through the universe to the Earth to conquer it, but it speaks of complex chemical substances which had been formed earlier from the origins of the universe, which reached the earth at any given time.
Rain forms when water vapor condenses and falls, the more it condenses the more it falls. Some raindrops are not pure and are filled with other materials, this is known as acid rain. Acid rain is a huge problem all over the world. Acid rain is mixture of chemicals, like fossil fuels and the atmosphere, it then comes down as rain, snow, hail, and sleet. The burning of fossil fuels is the main cause of acid rain. When oil and coal are burned they create sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide. (" Acid Rain | US EPA") The mixture of all the chemicals and heavy winds blow the compounds across many borders.
was frozen, making the planet an ice age. Now, temperatures have been rising for centuries and
The movie cited the cause of the global climate change to be the rise in temperature due to greenhouse gasses. The warmer temperatures caused the polar ice caps to melt, and the increased amount of freshwater in the ocean disrupted the North Atlantic Current. The North Atlantic Current is what is responsible for the warm temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere. With the current disrupted the Northern Hemisphere went into an ice age. In real life, the polar ice caps are melting, but at a rate not even close to that of the one represented in the movie. Even if the ice was melting at a quicker rate, the chance that it would throw off the North Atlantic Current is slim to none. Also, there is no way that the ice would melt so quickly that a change that drastic would be made.