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Erik Erikson and Freud compared
Erik Erikson and Freud compared
Sigmund freud's stages of development. essay
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In this paper I attempt to describe the similarities and differences in both Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freuds ideas on development. I also attempt to describe the many influences that contributed to the creation of both Freud and Erikson's ideas of development as well as some background information on both theorists. Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in the town of Freiberg Austria to Jacob and Amalia Freud. Sigmund came from a rather large family. He had two older step brothers from his father's previous marriage and he himself was the oldest of eight. Other than Sigmund there were five girls and two other boys. However Amalia Freud lost a baby boy eight months after it was born. The death of Sigmund's baby brother was something that …show more content…
Erikson modeled his life cycle schema after the Shakespearean play “As You Like It”. The play identifies the seven ages that men experience starting with infancy and continuing in to old age.In the play the first age is infancy which lasts until a child is old enough to go to school. The third age is when a man falls in love. Next the man becomes strong and mature like a soldier and then becomes just and wise like a judge. The sixth age is when a man reaches old age and incompetency followed by age seven which is death. Erikson believed that Shakespeare had neglected to include the play stage in his seven ages presented in the play “As You Like It”. “In the late 1940s Eriksons received an invitation to present a paper on the developmental stages of life at the midcentury White House conference on children and youth. The paper they were to contribute for the conference was on growth and crisis of the healthy personality.” (Capps, 2004) It was on the way to this conference that the Eriksons realized that if Shakespeare had left out a stage then they too may have forgotten a stage. Erik Erikson realized that his life cycle model went from intimacy, signifying young adulthood in stage six to old age in stage seven. After this realization the Eriksons added “Generativity Versus Stagnation” as the new seventh …show more content…
“ By the late 1930s, he had outlined four developmental stages-infancy (oral, anal, genital), latency, puberty, and adult heterosexual adjustment.”(Capps, 2004) Erikson wanted to build on Freud's early psychosexual stages by adding psychosocial stages that covered the full life cycle. In Erikson's opinion Shakespeare had risen above Freud in developmental matters because Shakespeare had covered development from infancy till death and he also believed that Shakespeare's stages were represented in social-ethical terms rather than sexual. Erikson wanted to go beyond Freud and Shakespeare in the developmental process. Although without Freuds model of psychosexual stages Erik Erikson believed that he would never have been able to create his own life cycle schema. With the addition of the eighth stage Erik Eriksons original life cycle work was taking on creative new dimensions. Erikson himself thought that he was only beginning to get a sense of the vast complexity of human life and it upset him when people attempted to describe human life in general limited terms. In Eriksons opinion human life was complex and had no limits. In Eriksons life cycle schema he insisted that all stages of development are present from birth and remain thoughout an individuals life time. It was not very clear
Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia in the year of 1856. Crain said that Freud was smart, so his family fully supported him to continue his studies (137). Boring points out, in Freud’s early life, he discovered the medical usage of cocaine (433). Later, his marriage and parenthood brought him contentment, therefore, it was understood that he “was strengthened in support of his own theory of sexuality and in withstanding the odium sexuale that was directed towards him” as his sexual wants to male dominance and to monogamy were conservative and fundamental (Boring 434). In the year of 1902, another famous psychologist was born in Frankfurt, Germany, Erik Erikson, but he was not a psychologist firstly. He was known that he did not graduate from high school because he was not interested in school education (Woolfolk 67). However, the event of meeting with Sigmund Freud changed his life, and he started to study child psychoanalysis (Woolfolk 67). The most...
In the 1950s, after studying Freud’s work, Erik Erikson developed his theories. Instead of Freud’s psychosexual stages, Erikson developed psychosocial stages. Erikson expanded on Freud’s work, and added that not only were the first years of development important, but that development continued through to early adulthood and
Freud was born on May 6, 1856, In Freiberg, Moravia, which is now part of the Czech Republic. Freud’s father was a wool merchant, when his business failed, he was forced to move the family to Leipzig, and then later to Vienna. Freud spend most of his like in Vienna and grew up with a very loving mother and a father he was afraid of. Although Freud did experience feelings of fear toward his father, he felt love toward him as well. On the other hand, Freud’s mother was very
The eight stages of man presents a different conflict for distinct times throughout the lifespan, each with two possible outcomes. It was proposed by Erikson that successful completion of each stage results in a healthy personality and positive interactions with others. Shaffer (2009) argues that Erikson’s theory is foremost a descriptive overview of human development that does not sufficiently explain how or why development takes place. This is supported by Shultz and Shultz (2005), that claim criticisms of Erikson’s theory focus on equivocal terminology, inadequate descriptions of the psychosocial stages, and unsupported claims of female-male personality differences based on biological factors. Erikson’s assessment methods were play therapy, anthropological studies, and psycho-historical analysis. His research mostly relied on case studies. Not only is this time consuming, it is expensive and cannot provide reliable information about the broader class (Abercrombie et al, 1984, cited by Flyvbjerg, 2007).
Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Frielberg, Moravia which is today known as Czechoslovakia (1). His family has been deemed unusually structured, mainly due to the fact that his mother was relatively the same age as
Erikson’s theory, developed in 1963, supports the idea that early life experiences impact an individual across their lifespan. This theory considers that the growth of an individual is a result of interaction with the environment, biological maturation and societal influences, therefore, allowing for experiences from early life, to influence an individual throughout their lifespan (White, Hayes, and Livesey, 2009). Erikson’s theory focuses on eight different developmental stages within a lifespan and in order to progress from one stage to another, an individual must overcome a potential crisis of two opposing forces at each stage. There are two types of resolution of each stage, successful and unsuccessful. If an individual is
Erik Erikson, born June 15th, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany was a developmental theorist who proposed a “comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood”. After developing what is a crucial theory to revealing the developmental process of children, Erikson died on May 12th, 1994 at age 91 in Harwich, Massachusetts. His theory would later become an important contribution to the study of childhood education. Along with his theory, he wrote many books as well as won two awards including the Pulitzer Prize, and the National Book Award in 1970.
Erik Erikson’s eight Stages of man, is also known as the eight stages of psychosocial development. He promotes social interactions as a motivation to personality development. Erickson studied stages from the beginning of the life cycle to the later stages of life. Erickson was trained under the famous Sigmund Freud. His belief was that it wasn’t only sex that motivated personality development. Social interaction and a growing sense of competence is the key to it all. Since his beliefs differed from the beliefs of Freud, Erikson quickly began to work on his own. Erickson has focused on many different eras of psychological development.
Freud was born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1856, during the Victorian era. His father, Jackob, was a Jewish wool merchant, and his father's second wife, Amalia, was Freud's mother. He was the firstborn in a family of three boys and five girls. When Freud was four-years-old, his family moved to Vienna where he remained until the Nazi occupation of Austria in 1933 (Gay, 1989).
Erikson believed that people develop in psychosocial stages. He emphasized developmental change throughout the human life span. In Erikson's theory, eight stages of development result as we go through the life span. Each stage consists of a crisis that must be faced. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point. The more an individual resolves the crises successfully, the healthier development will be.
Erik Erikson developed the eight stages of life theory. Erikson’s theory focuses on the development from birth to death, social context, and interpersonal relations during each stage of life (McAdams, 2009). In the same manner, each stage of life is comprehendible in three levels, such as the body, ego, and family and culture. The eight stages of life are infancy (trust vs. mistrust), early childhood (autonomy vs. shame and doubt), childhood (initiative vs. guilt), childhood (industry vs. inferiority), adolescence and young adulthood (identity vs. role confusion), young adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation), mature adulthood (generativity vs. stagnation (or self-absorption)), and old age (ego integrity vs. despair).
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development is a psychoanalytic theory which identifies eight stages every human experiences between infancy and late adulthood. In these stages the person meets new challenges and learns from them. These stages naturally work as building blocks and those who master the prior challenges are more prepared to face the next. While mastery of a stage is not required to move on, challenges avoided or not conquered are usually expected to reappear in the future. I was asked to give an honest self analysis using this theory and I could not be more nervous.
Erikson’s theory emphasized how both earlier and later experiences are proportionately important in the person’s development and how personality develops beyond puberty. But, Freud would argue that most development occurs during the earlier period of an individual’s life. Freud’s psychosexual stages comprised of five stages that ends in puberty. Erikson’s first few psychosocial stages are somewhat similar to that of Freud’s stages one to three but Erikson further expands his developmental stages to eight, covering old age.
Developmental psychology is an area of research dedicated to the understanding of child-development. Throughout history many theories have been used to attempt to explain the complex process. Two of those theorists, Freud and Erikson, were instrumental in creating a foundation for child-psychology to build on. From a Freudian perspective, human development is centered on psychosexual theory. Psychosexual theory indicates that maturation of the sex drives underlies stages of personality development. Alternatively, Erikson is considered a neo-freudian scholar who developed psychosocial theory. In Erikson models there are eight major conflicts that occur during the course of an individual’s life.
On May 6, 1856 Sigmund was born in Freiberg, Moravia. His parents were twenty years apart and his mother gave birth to him when she was twenty-one years old. Freud was one