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Note on chromatography
Gas chromatography research paper
Note on chromatography
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Chromatography is a method of separating and analyzing complicated substances. This is done in two phases, a mobile phase and a stationary phase .During the stationary phase, said substance is stationary, while during the mobile phase, the substance moves in a specific direction. During the mobile phase, the substance is filtered through the stationary phase. The stationary phase in necessary in order for the substances to be separated even though it doesn?t involve movement of the substance because it filters the substance through the stationary phase.. Since the substance is made of different, specific substances, each can go though the process of chromatography at different rates. This causes the components of the substance to be moved over materials made for absorption at different times. This makes the different components of the substance absorb at different rates. This is done numerous times and is a very precise method of separation. This process can be used to separate a wide variety of things, and can be used to separate most volatile or soluble substances. This process is used many like because it is gentle enough to separate delicate solutions, like those of proteins.
There are many types of chromatography, the types of which are as follows: Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography, Ion Exchange Chromatography, and Affinity Chromatography . Gas Chromatography uses a pressurized gas camber to filter gasses by either thermal conductivity or flame ionization. There are three types of gas chromatography: capillary gas chromatography, gas adsorption chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. Capillary gas chromatography used more often than any other type of gas chromatography. In this form of chromatography...
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...ntro to Chromatography." 25 Feb. 2008
Environ/CHROMO/chromintro.html>
Carrier, Rebecca, and Julia Bordanaro. "Gas Chromatology." 25 Feb. 2008
Carrier, Rebecca, and Julia Bordonaro. "Liquid Chromatography." 25 Feb. 2008
Carrier, Rebecca, and Julia Bordanaro. "Ion Exchange Chromatography." 25 Feb. 2008
Carrier, Rececca, and Julia Bordonaro. "Affinity Chromatography." 25 Feb. 2008 < http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech- Environ/CHROMO/chromaffinity.html>
"Chromatography." Shaffald Hallam University. 25 Feb. 2008
The transducer in the assay was the Shimadzu UVmini-1240 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. It is used to measure the absorbance of ferricyanide in solution. Ferricyanide is a yellow species that be measured and compared to the glucose concentration of the sample. Electrochemical glucometers look like the most common type of transducer for commercial use. It utilizes electrodes and flowing current measured by a voltmeter.2
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
...d to mix the contents of the column. Aside from these commonalities, the instrumentation used varies greatly depending on the type of countercurrent chromatography used.
Gel filtration is one of the many methods that can be used for purifying proteins. Gel filtration, also known as size-exclusion chromatography, separates proteins based on size. There are pros and cons for this methods. One of the pros is that fragile proteins will not or hardly get damaged when going through the chromatography column. One of the cons is the results are not very accurate due to the proteins’ inability to adhere to the column at times.
The distance of the initial extract line to a pigment band was divided by the distance of the marked solvent front to the initial extract line both were measured in cm. The RF (relative to front) was calculated for each pigment band, indicating the travelled distance between the pigment and the front (solvent line) on the chromatography
There are a number of examples of works done before the twentieth century in which experiments were conducted. However, Michael Tswett used column liquid chromatography in which the stationary phase was a solid adsorbent packed in a glass column and the mobile phase was a liquid. He conducted experiments on extracts of chlorophyll in gasoline oil over 100 adsorbents. Most of these adsorbents are now no more important. Interestingly, the list of the inclusion of materials such as silica, alumina, carbon, calcium carbonate, magnesia and sucrose are still in use. He also confirmed the identity of the fractions obtained by the spectrophotometry at different wavelengths thus anticipating the most common mode for in liquid chromatography. In 1910 Tswett obtained his Doctrate degree and his doctoral research paper was published as a monogram which once again demonstrated his ideas for further development and improvement. That monogram marked the end of his chromatographic work. This is not surprising, because he was a botanist and chromatography is only a means and not an end. Chromatographic techniques had been ignored until 1930. One of the few exceptions was the work of an American L.S. Palmer, who in 1930 published his work for the description of the separation af plant and other dairy pigments. There are several reasons for the lack of interest in chromatography , for the moment, the main thing is that it
Blood types, agglutination, carbohydrates, antigens and antibodies are all used to classify blood in health situations. There are four different types of blood types; type A, type B, type AB, and type O blood. Each of these blood types have specific antigen markers used for identification purposes, except type O, which contains no antigens. They also include antibodies that attack foreign invaders, except type AB, which contains no antibodies. The monosaccharide of each blood cell contains N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, and fructose. Type A, type B, and type AB has additional monosaccharides that differentiates itself from other blood types. Blood types can be determined by using the slide test method or test tube method, in which medical practitioners add antiserums and look for agglutination.
...lications in the future. This is due to the fact that this method has become rough, not complicated and it can be performed in a conventional way without being mandatory the investigation into depth for every application (Tetala and van Beek, 2010). New forms are going to be operated in order to recognize bacteria and also aptamers are going to be used more often. Moreover, the investigation of new types of monoliths will also include the study of present or alterative types of polymers, in order to come out with a wider range of pore sizes, surface areas and new morphologies that can be used in this type of affinity chromatography (Pfaunmiller et al., 2013). Finally, monolithic stationary phases are expected to have a great impact on future applications, for instance if organic monolithic supports will be combined with hybrids of silica (Pfaunmiller et al., 2013).
Comment on class result with respect to differences in filter types, differences in filter assemblies, and overall on the confidence you would have in using this type of sterilisation process in preparation of pharmaceutical products. List the factors that may cause contamination during filtration. (20 marks)
For this experiment we have to use physical methods to separate the reaction mixture from the liquid. The physical methods that were used are filtration and evaporation. Filtration is the separation of a solid from a liquid by passing the liquid through a porous material, such as filter paper. Evaporation is when you place the residue and the damp filter paper into a drying oven to draw moisture from it by heating it and leaving only the dry solid portion behind (Lab Guide pg. 33.).
Saferstein lists the three forms that fall under: solid, liquid, and gas. “A solid is rigid and therefore has a definite shape and volume. A liquid also occupies a specific volume, but its fluidity causes it to take the shape of the container in which it is residing. A gas has neither a definite shape nor volume, and it will completely fill any container into which it is place” (2011, Pg. 120). Chromatography, spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry are used to identify or compare organic materials.
After performing the first Gas Chromatography, we took the organic layer, and mixed it with saturated Sodium Hydroxide. We performed this step to remove the (-OH) group from the Eugenol. The purpose was to make the water as a product, which can also be used as a solvent for the Eugenol that was ionized, for the two substances Acetyl Eugenol and Beta Caryophyllene. Again, we see the density differences in the solvents; we were able to take the organic layer. Finally, we transferred the layer into the beaker and dried, to perform the Gas Chromatography
HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) is an analytical technique which separates a complex mixture of components into its specific individual components. It is a powerful tool in analysis, as it combines high speed with extreme sensitivity compared to traditional methods of chromatography because of the use of a pump which creates a high pressure and forces the mobile phase to move with the analyte in high speed. It is been used as a principle technology in various automated analyzers used for diagnostic purpose.
is impossible to specify a single best method to carry out a given analysis in
Geldart, D. (1973) Types of gas fluidization, Powder Technology, Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 137-137. 7, pp. 285-292.