Sharon Wilkins
South University
Pathophysiology
April
Dr. Giner
Dr. Ally, a 49-year-old professor, has been diagnosed with essential hypertension 12 years ago and was on antihypertensive drugs. However, he did not take his medications last year because he was feeling just fine. In addition, he was very busy with work. Nevertheless, he felt tired after work and developed dyspnea while climbing the stairs. Recently, he had a bout of epistaxis (severe nose bleed) with dizziness and blurred vision. He went to the doctor for a check up. His blood pressure was 180/110, and the doctor found rales or crackles on his chest upon auscultation. The doctor ordered rest and asked him to start his medication again.
What are the patient's
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Ally's choose to stop taking his antihypertensive mediction the past year because he was feeling better has caused hypertension putting pressure on the aorta. Due to not taking his antihypertension medication for such a long period of time, has made Dr. Ally's heart work harder, which makes the heart muscles work harder and the heart muscles tend to become bigger and thicker. The condition has caused the heart muscles to perform its pumping function making the fluids to flow back to the lungs causing shortness of breath (WebMD, 2017) Dr. Ally tires easily because of inefficient blood supply to the body cells.
What pathophysiological changes are happening in his eyes and heart? The severe nose bleeds are do to the increased pressures on the blood vessels whichcaused the rupture of the vessels in the nose. The high blood pressure also generated The retinal pressure from high blood pressure causing some damage of the retina. This condition is called hypertensive retinopathy. Damage of retina causes blurring of vision (WebMD). In some cases, it could even cause some loss of vision (WebMD, 2017).
According to the doctor, the patient might have developed congestive heart failure. Is it right-sided or
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Ally most likely has used ACE inhibitors and Beta blockers in the past and will be using them again.. The ACE inhibitors are vasodilators with the capability to widen the blood vessels allowing the blood pressure to lower down while improving the blood flow and decreasing the workload of the heart (WEbMD, 2017). Lisinopril is anangiotensin converting enzyme. This drug is used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, helps to preent kidney failure --due to high blood pressure and diabetes. It is also used to prevent further damage and scarring of the muscles (Medicine Net, 2017). Another Ace inhibitor is Benazepril. It is used with hydrochlothiazide, at times, to treat high blood pressure. It can also be used to treat heart failure. Beta blockers are medications that lower your blood pressure.Beta blockerd work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine. Two types of Beta blockers are Metoprolol relaxes blood vessels and slows down the heart rate and Nebivolol, which response to nerve impulses in certain parts of the body,like the heart (Mayo Clinic Staff). This helps to lower heart beats and decrease the blood pressure (Mayo Clinic Staff,
Professor Burns found that the worker's hypertension was secondary to the stroke, rather than a consequence of it, unlike Dr Ellice-Flint. Professor Burns based this opinion on the lack of history of hypertension and no evidence of an enlarged heart or changes suggestive of longstanding hypertension, having had regard to a normal echocardiogram undertaken in 2011.
Ace Inhibitors are used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF). Most of the drugs that are Ace Inhibitors have the common ending –pril. It inhibits an enzyme; that decreases the tension of blood vessels and the blood volume, thus lowering blood pressure. Lotensin (benzapril) comes in tablets and is used for oral administration. It is one of the ace inhibitors that are indicated for treating hypertension. There is warning while using Lotensin when pregnant, it indicates to stop using immediately when pregnancy is detected. Vasotec (enalpril) comes in tablets and injection. It is indicated for the treatment of hypertension and is effective alone or in combination with other Ace Inhibitors agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics. There is a warning for fetal toxicity; when pregnancy is detected; stop using.
How does this history of high blood pressure demonstrate the problem description and etiology components of the P.E.R.I.E. process? What different types of studies were used to establish etiology or contributory cause?
According to Public Health England, high blood pressure also known as hypertension, affects one in four adults in England, and is the second biggest factor of premature death and disability. The higher the blood sugar the more invisible damage is likely to be doing to your body.
This paper discusses pharmacology and terminology related to “Pharmacology” which is the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs“ pharmacology. 2015. In Merriam-Webster.com. The study of different classes of drugs, routes of absorption, and drugs have effects on those consuming them. There are drugs that are necessary for illnesses and healing but, there are medicines that cause concern regarding interaction and harming the body.
This module of study has focused on many aspects of human health, anatomy, and the disease process. It has included such topics as the human organ systems, the mechanism of disease and the resulting disruption of homeostasis, the integumentary system, and the musculoskeletal system. The following case studies explore how burn classification will affect treatment, how joint injuries can disrupt mobility, and last, how a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to a decline in a person’s health status. The importance of understanding disease and knowing when to seek treatment is the first step toward enjoying a balanced and healthy life.
Cardiomyopathy, by definition, means the weakening of the heart muscle. The heart is operated by a striated muscle that relies on the autonomic nervous system to function. Cardiomyopathy is diagnosed in four different ways based on what caused the illness and exactly what part of the heart is weakened. The four main types of cardiomyopathy are dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. One other category of cardiomyopathy that is diagnosed is “unclassified cardiomyopathy.” Unclassified cardiomyopathy is the weakening of the heart that does not fit into the main four categories.
...so discuss making a exercise plan that will work for the patient, and will not cause him/her any pain. If all of the correct measures are taken, and the patient is taking care of themselves, they can prevent more serious complications from occurring. They must know that they are serious complications from one not taking care of themselves, or living a unhealthy life style. It does involve a lifelong commitment to change. Medication will help, but one must also be willing to change.
Dealing with alcohol withdrawal, Atenolol can be used as an addition to tradition alcohol withdrawal treatment to help make the results more effective. In relation to anxiety disorders, atenolol is usually used in small stress reactions, minor panic disorders, and generalized anxiety syndrome. Results are most easily obtainable in patients who have bodily anxiety, as opposed to the mind, and helps reduce trembling and rapid heart beat. Atenolol also had a large affect on cardiac illnesses. In the most common, angina pectoris, atenolol is used to decrease the amount of repeated attacks and to prevent any immediate death. Atenolol is best effective on middle-aged or teenagers, and to those with high blood pressure and heart rate as a result of exercise. The other major heart sickness is congestive heart failure. Giving Atnolol to a person with congestive heart failure must be taken with much care and precauution. One should start with low doses at first, and as time passes, increase the intake gradually. Overall, it affects the heart and circulatory system to either lessen the effect of or prevent any type of cardiovascular illness that may cause serious and/or permanent damage to the body. But how exactly does the medication work?
The human body is an amazing machine, we have cells, tissues, organs and organ system that come together to create the human race. Each system plays a key role in our bodies mechanism. Without each systems our bodies would not function properly, but what happens when one of these system fails? The Cardiovascular system components are blood, blood vessels and the heart. The hearts function is to pump blood to all the major organs and tissues (Circulatory). It’s also important to be aware of the derivation that our bodies may encounter, for example a stroke. In this passage I discuss different types of strokes, what are the signs and symptoms and after care for this disorder of the cardiovascular system.
J.P., a 58 year old female, presents to the Emergency Room on March 18th. She has a past medical history of cervical cancer, atheroembolism of the left lower extremity, fistula of the vagina, peripheral vascular disease, neuropathy, glaucoma, GERD, depression, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and sickle cell anemia. She complains of right lower extremity pain accompanied by fatigue, a decreased appetite, increased work of breathing, burning urination, and decreased urine output for three days. Upon admission, a complete physical assessment was performed along with a blood and metabolic panel. The assessment revealed many positive and negative findings.
Congestive heart failure represents the end product of the many conditions that reduce the thrusting ability of the heart. Congestive heart failure is not a detailed disease but a illness that is measured by the inability of the heart to pump blood adequate with the metabolic needs of the body. Heart failure is accompanied by overcrowding of the body tissues. For instance, heart failure may be shown as an acute condition as in pulmonary edema or as a chronic condition as in congestive heart
The advancement in health care and biomedical technology has made biomedical model that focuses just on curing the disease as the dominant approach. It excludes emotional, social, psychological and behavioral aspects of illness. However with increase in chronic disease and need for long term care, the healthcare delivery systems are changing, making it more patient centric. The health practices are gradually focusing on design of treatment plans based on patents narratives.
The primary concern for Mr. Miller would be preventing further ischemia and necrosis of the myocardial tissues, preventing serious complications such as cardiac dysrhythmias and heart failure, as well as relieving his chest pain that radiates to his left arm. Preventing further ischemia and necrosis of the myocardial tissue will help prevent the development of heart failure due to myocardial infarction, whereas relieving his pain will help reduce his episodes of shortness of breath, and will also help to reduce any anxiety and restlessness he may be having from being in pain and short of breath.
The patient has high temperature-sign of fever, a very fast pulse rate (tachycardia), and chest wheezing when listened to using a stethoscope (Harries, Maher, & Graham, 2004, p.