Understanding the Scientific Approach
There are two major categories for cannabis laboratory testing requirements:
1. Analytical chemistry – This is the science of quantitatively and qualitatively establishing the chemical makeup of a substance. This method is utilized to determine the cannabis potency level, analyze terpene profile, and in the detection of mycotoxins, heavy metals, residual solvents, chemical residues, and the presence of pesticides. Analytical lab testing methods are done previous to going on to microbiological testing methods.
2. Microbiological methods – These methods dig deeper into the cannabis product's cellular level. There, the goal is to uncover impurities, such as bacterial, mold and yeast. The methods used in this are very different from the ones used in analytical chemistry. This includes the way they are performed and also the target of the final analysis. Different state regulations will invariably result in different microbiological techniques utilized in the testing phase. While there are a number of techniques that can be utilized for detecting microbial impurities,
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Colorado, Massachusetts, Illinois, Maine and Nevada all have language in their regulations that explicitly calls for TYMC. Oregon, however, does not have any details on test type required, other than random testing for mold. Due to the recent emergency regulations in California, that require testing for specific mold (Aspergillus mold, which include A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. terreus, A. niger). These require DNA testing, as they are too hard to differentiate on a testing plate. The differences in costs involved with testing will no doubt impact the overall costs for growers, manufacturers and ultimately
Forensic Science Introduction: Someone in a restaurant has suddenly fallen ill and a mystery powder has been discovered with the victim. As the chief investigator, your duty is to identify the mystery substance through a lab. In this lab, it will consist of five known compounds and one unknown compound. Your job is to distinguish which one out of the five substances is the mystery powder. To figure out the mystery matter you will have to compare their physical and chemical properties and match them with the appropriate compound.
After the end of the experiment, the unknown 10 sample was Staphylococcus epidermidis. Come to this conclusion by first beginning with a Gram Stain test. By doing this test it would be easier to determine which route to take on the man-made flow chart. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria have a set of different tests to help determine the unknown bacterium. Based on the different tests that were conducted in lab during the semester, it was determined that the blood agar, MSA, and catalase tests are used for gram positive bacteria while Macconkey, EMB, TSI, and citrate tests are used for gram negative bacteria.
electrophoresis. The way the PCR method works is by first mixing a solution containing the
While employment screening in the healthcare sector is decidedly standard, the law does often not require drug and alcohol testing. Substance abuse is one of the leading causes of disciplinary action against a nursing license in the U.S. Random drug screenings are used to detect the use of unapproved or illegal drugs for the purpose of upholding patient safety (National Council of State Boards of Nursing, 2006). The American Nurses Association (ANA) estimates that six to eight percent of nurses use alcohol or drugs to a degree that would impair professional judgment (National Council of State Boards of Nursing, 2011). Approximately one-third of the one percent of actively licensed nurses are disciplined each year for their substance misconduct (Kenward, 2008). Protecting patients from unsafe practices and personnel is the primary responsibility of each supervisory board of nursing. However, the fear of punishment from the board or termination keeps many nurses unwilling to come forward (Maher-Brisen 2007). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the viability of mandating random drug testing for nurses and other health professionals. The objective of this would be to address the rooted issues of substance abuse and decrease the risk of harm to patients under the healthcare provider’s care.
The main psychoactive component of marijuana is (9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Other prominent cannabinoids include cannabidiol, cannabinol, and (9-tetrahydrocannabinic acid. Together, these compounds contribute to various behavioral and cognitive changes, which can slightly differ based on the route of preparation and administration (Farthing 1992). THC is found in the sticky resin of the cannabis plant, with the highest concentration in the flowering tops (buds) of the female plant. Marijuana is a preparation of the leaves, stems, and buds, while hash is a concentration of the resin. Smoking and oral ingestion are the most common ways of administration and can produce slightly distinct effects due to the different filtering methods of the digestive tract and lungs.
Marijuana is an herb that grows from God’s greatest creation: earth. It is a hemp plant whose scientific name is Cannabis sativa. Cannabis contains the chemical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, THC for short; this is the chemical that is responsible for the mind-altering effects smoking marijuana gives for the consumer. The amount of THC has increased since the nineteen-seventies though. A survey in 2007 showed that marijuana now has approximately ten percent THC on average. The smoke given off from marijuana contains ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, as well as others, three to five times more than cigarette smoke contains. This means that the second-hand smoke given off is dangerously harmful to those around the smokers. To consume Cannabis sativa, users use the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and even the seeds off the plant to get the high they want and eventually end up needing. Cannabis sativa is smoked in numerous ways such as; hand-rolled joints, pipes, water pipes: bongs, and blunts. All of these uses give off a pungent sweet and sour odor. Some get the high from ...
The substance of Marijuana can either be dried leaves, stems or buds of the hemp plant, Cannabis Sativa. This unique plant contains a mind altering chemical referred to as Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, or called by its popular acronym T.H.C. (National Institute on Drug Abuse).
As explained by Saferstein “Chromatography is a means of separating and tentatively identifying the components of a mixtur... ... middle of paper ... ... ively place the suspect or perpetrator behind bars. Analyzing soil compounds can be measured by the levels of organic molecules including n-alkanes, fatty alcohols and fatty acids, which are all found in the waxy outer layer of plant matter (Geddes, 2008). It basically states that compounds can remain in the soil for thousands of years, which explains that each area being tested has its unique organic profile.
Investigationg of Chemical and Physical Changes Why I am conducting this experiment? In order to learn how to recognize chemical and physical changes, I have to carry out this experiment to see different chemical and physical changes of different substance. How can we recognize physical changes and chemical changes? -----------------------------------------------------------
In assessing confirmatory testing and screening, testing guidelines typically coincides with accepted cutoff levels for drugs and drug byproducts present in the urine. A standard urine drug screen for marijuana use consists of an immunoassay with antibodies that are made to detect it, and its main byproduct-11-nor-delta9-caboxy-THC (THC-COOH); the SAMHSA has set the cutoff level for a positive urine screen in the immunoassay at 50 ng/mL, at which point a confirmatory gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) test is conducted to confirm the initial positive urine screen. Sourcehttps://www.leafly.com/news/cannabis-101/does-using-cbd-hemp-oil-result-in-a-positive-drug-test-for-thc-or However, non-psychoactive cannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD) generally does not register on urine drug screen for THC-COOH, removing the possibility of cross-reactivity. For CBD users who are concerned about drug testing, this fact should lower their anxiety.
The abnormal presence of bacterial growth can be inspected under a microscope. If the organism inspected is not the bacteria used in the experiment, it means that the growth of the bacterial culture investigated is absent. By using this method, contamination by foreign substances in the surrounding air can be ruled out and the results would be more accurate.
Investigation of Marijuana Marijuana is the dried buds and leaves of the Cannabis sativa plant. This plant contains more than 400 chemicals, including delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the plant's main psychoactive chemical. THC is known to affect our brain's short-term memory. Additionally, marijuana affects motor coordination, increases your heart rate and raises levels of anxiety. Studies also show that marijuana contains cancer-causing chemicals typically associated with cigarettes.
High school students are leaders to younger kids and many others in their community. As a leader these student must show others what good character is like, but instead they are destroying their lives by doing drugs. In the past decade the drug use among high school students is on the rise once again. With the internet, their exposure to drugs is much greater. High school students are convinced that they are able to get away with using drugs. These drug addicts soon influence other students into doing the drugs because there isn’t a rule preventing drug use. In order to protect these student’s future, drug tests must be enforced among all students ensuring a safe environment for students to learn successfully. Allowing random drug testing in high schools will shy away students from trying these harmful drugs. The stop of drug use among high school students is crucial because drugs prevents student from learning leading them to dropping out of high school. Students that become overwhelmed by these harmful drugs will ruin their lives forever, but if steered in the right direction they can be saved.
Forensic toxicologists employ a large number of analytical techniques to determine the drugs or poisons relevant to an investigation; the capacity of a laboratory to conduct routine toxicological analysis varies depending upon equipment, technical capability and analyst experience. When needed, there are specialty toxicology labs that can test for almost any potential toxin or metabolite in almost every kind of post-mortem sample. A laboratory should be accredited to perform the analytical work and must be subject to regular inspections. This will ensure that laboratories can reproduce accurate and reliable results for investigations. All laboratory tests conform to standard operating procedures, results are confirmed to meet standards, and reported results are peer reviewed by a second toxicologist before being released. Even so, we still use methods that Gettler used in his
coli, and salmonella in marijuana. There has actually been reported deaths from contaminated Marijuana. One article by R Hamadeh reports that a 34 year old man who was admitted to the hospital for Leukemia ended up having extreme symptoms which caused his death. Upon later investigation they had discovered that he had been smoking Marijuana very heavily weeks prior to his admission. They ended up testing the Marijuana he was smoking and ended up finding out that the Marijuana was not clean and had fungus growing on it. This caused the man to get Aspergillosis which is an infection you get from inhaling certain fungi. The Aspergillosis from the Marijuana is what ended up causing his death, not the leukemia. There are multiple articles about CBS stated in their article “How safe is Colorado’s legalized Marijuana?” that the federal government has stated that they will not be testing marijuana for consumers since marijuana is still illegal at a federal level. The FDA would usually take it into their own hands to make sure almost any product Americans consume is safe excluding Marijuana. This means that testing