Blood transfusion practices in patients having caesarian section. A prospective multicenter survey. Introduction: There has been a dramatic rise in the rate of caesarean section (CS) in the last two decade making it the most commonly performed procedure worldwide. 1Surveys (2, 3) have indicated that 3-5% of total red cells transfusion is related to obstetrics with higher rate in CS patients compared to those having vaginal delivery (1-7% versus 1%) (4, 5). Transfusion in CS needs special consideration as this procedure is carried out in relatively young patients who are usually free of serious co-morbidities and have approximately four to five decades of lifetime in front of them. Ideally these patients do not need replacement with blood, as long term complications of allogeneic transfusion have a bigger impact on them (23). In recent years there has been an increase awareness regarding the potential risk of blood transfusion leading to increase scrutiny of its use by health care providers. (6). Studies have shown that by 1990s, the transfusion for CS has decreased to 1.1-1.6 % (7, 8) in some centers but remained relatively high (5.2-6.8%) in others (9, 10).Review of the available literature shows that need for transfusion varies in various countries. (11-14) Much of the existing data on cesarean section transfusion is retrospective and related to developed countries. (15, 16).In Pakistan, few studies have been conducted on this topic. A small retrospective study, done in a University hospital in Karachi on 126 patients undergoing caesarean section found transfusion rate of 15%. (17) This study was not reflecting a larger proportion of patients from our country as blood transfusion practices vary in different institution depen... ... middle of paper ... ... identification and rectification of the factors leading to this high transfusion rate. We identified CS as the most common factor requiring blood transfusion, highlighting the need to curtail the rate of CS. Being a third world country with limited resources, we recommend the need for national guidelines for the process of blood transfusion in the obstetric patients. The ordering physician should follow these guidelines depending upon the patient’s status at that point in time. The importance of discussion and taking the informed consent lies in a fact that process must be more systematic and covers the medico legal aspects as well. As anemia is quiet prevalent in our obstetric population it is also very important to use the strategies for treating the anemia during pregnancy, which may reduce the chance of blood transfusion (5 of f) in the perioperative period.
An exchange transfusion is a procedure that removes your baby 's blood in small amounts and replaces it with donor blood or the yellow-colored liquid part of blood (plasma).
Cord clamping takes place after birth, during the third stage of pregnancy. Once the infant is born , the umbilical cord, which is still supplying nutrient rich blood to the fetus from the mother, must be clamped and cut. This is followed by the delivery of the placenta, which completes the third stage of pregnancy, and thus the cycle is complete. Time is something that can be argued by health professionals all around . Neither physicians nor midwives can scientifically say what is the optimal time for cord clamping because each pregnancy and thus each birth is different and unique . Universal protocol does not necessarily apply during the birthing process. However, majority is something that can be considered and is what this study will look at. Taking a look at the comparisons of delayed cord clamping and the historically accepted practice of quick c...
The blood given in a transfusion is made up of different types of cells. Your child may receive:
He can receive blood from blood types B and O. Type B blood can be offered to the man since it is the same blood group. Type O blood can be provided to the patient since it does not contain any antigens. There will be no agglutination since there will be no antigens to be complementary to the patient’s antibodies (Daniels,
The New England Journal of Medicine (2005) states that a Cord Blood Transplant is when the blood from a newborns umbilical cord is taken and given to another infant. Healthy umbilical cord blood is new and has little to none bacteria or diseases that could harm someone. Usually the placenta and umbilical cord is thrown out, but in recent research it is found that the blood from the umbilical cord and placenta can help prevent or slow down Krabbe Disease. According to Escolar, Yelin, & Poe (2006) about 90% of the children that were used in their study for
...o find a balance between interventional and non-interventional birth. With this being said, I also understand that there are strict policies and protocols set in place, which I must abide to as a healthcare provider, in any birth setting. Unfortunately, these guidelines can be abused. Christiane Northrup, MD, a well recognized and respected obstetrician-gynecologist has gone as far as to tell her own daughters that they should not give birth in a hospital setting, with the safest place being home (Block, 2007, p. xxiii). Although I am not entirely against hospital births, I am a firm believe that normal, healthy pregnancies should be fully permissible to all midwives. However, high-risk pregnancies and births must remain the responsibility of skilled obstetricians. My heart’s desire is to do what is ultimately in the best interest of the mother, and her unborn child.
Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal mortality in the world, according to the World Health Organization. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is generally defined as a blood loss of more than 500 mL after a vaginal birth, more than 1000 mL after a cesarean section, and a ten percent decrease in hematocrit levels from pre to post birth measurements (Ward & Hisley, 2011). An early hemorrhage occurs within 24 hours of birth, with the greatest risk in the first four hours. A late hemorrhage happens after 24 hours of birth but less than six weeks after birth. Uterine atony—failure for the uterine myometrium to contract—is the most common postpartum hemorrhage (Venes, Ed.).(2013). Other etiologies include lower genital tract lacerations, uterine inversion, retained products of conception and bleeding disorders (Kawamura, Kondoh, Hamanishi, Kawasaki, & Fujita, (2014).
In conclusion, The rate of fetal demise has decreased in the United states over the last 15 years.The death of the fetus mostly occurs during the first trimester than it does during the second and third trimester. The loss of a child at any stage of the pregnancy is emotionally devastating for the couple and their families. The dilation and evacuation procedure identifies the reason for the fetal loss and helps the mother and family through the grieving process. During this time, the nurse has an important role to comfort and support the mother and family.
Transfusions of red blood cells, platelets, and plasma are critical to a patient's return to good health,
And more than forty-two thousand patients are treated with blood or blood products in New Zealand each year (NZ Blood, 2016). As medical technology advanced, phlebotomists would separate plasma from the blood, and use this to infuse patients who had liver disease, red blood cells would be used to transfuse into cancer patients, or white blood cells into patients with anemia, or to help with chemotherapy (replacing bad blood cells with good blood cells. The largest group of people who benefit from blood transfusion are mainly cancer patients, making up the largest number of 29% of blood products used specifically, either when they have surgery. The fact that blood is able to be separated into several parts is the main reason so many people benefit from receiving blood transfusions. Unfortunately, although people use forty-two thousand different blood components on average per year, only one hundred and twenty-five thousand units of blood per year are collected in New Zealand (NZ Blood, 2016). Today scientists use stem cells to generate new blood in the patient’s body, moreover some research shows that in the next ten to fifteen years’ scientists are hoping to grow blood in agar plates. As technology advances and the number of people needing transfusion increases, scientists are experimenting with new ideas, just as James Blundell first did in 1818, and although the idea might seem outrageous now, in ten to thirty years from now it could be as common, as per what people know
Nonetheless, they bring some negative consequences to patients’ health. Understanding the risks can enhance the potential of nurses to prevent and address problems when they occur. The strengths and weaknesses of blood transfusions identified in this paper provide a basis for such comprehension. Most of them are ranked according to the nature of the blood transfusion where they occur, but nurses should remember that they can happen within any type of blood transfusion, particularly the infections. Thus, nurses should strive to understand the effective application of blood transfusions and measures that they can take to eliminate their
The collection process is very unpredictable, and is probably the biggest obstacle. Because the amount of blood collected in each birth varies, when it is performed, doctors and nurses hope for a “big collection”, which for them is only about 2 ounces. The more blood collected, the more stem cells there are available to grow new blood in another person. Time is another crucial factor. Research shows that immediately after the cord is cut, blood can start clotting and this reduce...
Unlike vaginal birth delivery, the process of a cesarean delivery is quite different, but just as safe as giving vaginal birth (Taylor, 1). When delivering a baby using the cesarean method, there are two ways anesthetic can be used. The women can be put into an unconscious state using the anesthetic, therefore she will be asleep during the entire operation and her coach may not be present. The other way for the anesthetic to be used would be in an epidural or spinal block to temporarily numb the woman from her waist down. In this case the mother will be awake and her coach may be present to give her extra support. Once the anesthetic is working, an incision is made in the abdomen either horizontally or vertically, depending on the reason for the cesarean delivery. A vertical incision is made when the baby is in trouble and needs to be out as quickly as possible, when there is more time the horizontal incision is used. The baby is then lifted out of the uterus and gone for the APGAP procedure. The placenta is then removed and the mother’s reproductive organs are examined before closing the incision (Taylor, 1).
The area that is not receiving enough blood is literally crying out for help. When a person complains of any of the symptoms mentioned, they should be transported ...
Overall all the different forms of anaemia are caused due to lack of healthy red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood. Both of these are important for the transportation of oxygen through the blood around the body. The period during pregnancy is one of the very important time frames for the causes of anaemia as the mother can lack iron in her blood cause an impact on the unborn baby so many babies are born with this deficiency and therefore causes the disorder to been hereditary. The causes are if the rate of iron loss or use is more than the rate of absorption. This is a a matter that occurs very often and is very common in pregnant women this obviously indicates that intake of iron before pregnancy is poor [4]. However iron deficiency is the most neglected nutrient deficiency in the world, particularly among pregnant women and children in developing countries [7]. In a pregnant women when the theres a increase in the red cell mass the haemoglobin is effected. The haemoglobin levels are effected during the beginning of a pregannacy and duing the end of it. During the beginning there is a decrease and towards the end there is a increase. The rason to why there is a increase during the early period is the because of...