The general properties of fluids are density, specific weight, viscosity and relative density. The values under specific conditions (temperature, pressure, etc) can be readily found in many reference books. But in this experiment, we want to measure the fluid properties by using instruments and compare the measured values with the theoretical values. In this evaluation of fluid properties experiment, we will measure two fluid properties, which are, density and viscosity. Selected fluids were used in this experiment as samples for both experiments. Samples of fluid that we used are hydraulic oil, cooking oil, syrup and honey. All of the samples have different physical and chemical properties. Density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a fluid is its mass per unit volume. The symbol used to indicate density is ρ, and the SI unit is kg/m3. The general equation for density is, ρ = m/V, where m is the mass, and V is the volume of the fluid. Density of a fluid can be obtained through various means. One of the methods to determine a fluid’s density is by using the density measuring device, or called …show more content…
For liquid, it corresponds to the informal concept of thickness. For example, honey has a much higher viscosity than water, which we can clearly see it through our naked eyes. Viscosity is arising from the collisions between particles in a fluid that are moving at different velocities. Particles which comprise the fluid move faster near tube’s axis and more slowly near its walls, when the fluid is forced through a tube. Hence, some stress is needed to overcome friction between the layers of the particles and ensure the fluid to keep moving. The stress is proportional to the fluid’s viscosity, for the same velocity pattern. The common symbol for viscosity is µ and the SI unit is Pa.s or equivalent to
Theory of Water of Displacement: A volume of water was measured. A second volume of water was measured when the metal cylinder was added. The initial volume was subtracted from the second (total) volume to get the volume of the metal cylinder.
A characteristic property can help identify a substance. A characteristic property will never change even when the volume of a substance is varied. A characteristic property also does not change when a substance changes state in matter. A physical property cannot identify a substance. A physical property will change when the volume of a substance is varied. It can also change when the substance changes state in matter. For example, if the volume and mass of a substance changes then the physical appearance will also change. However, the density, which is a characteristic property, will not change at all. The boiling point of a substance is the temperature that a substance changes from a liquid to a gas. The boiling point of a substance is a characteristic property because the boiling point of a substance will never change even when the volume and mass changes. The only thing that will change is the time that it takes to reach that temperature. If the mass and volume of the substance is small, then it will take a small amount of time for the substance to reach the temperature. However if the mass and volume of the substance is larger, then it will take a longer time to reach the temperature. The purpose of this lab was to see if when the volume of a substance changes so does the boiling point.
Regarding the densities of Coke and Diet Coke, I believed that the density of coke would be greater than the density of Diet Coke. Because the content of Coke contains more sugar than Diet Coke, it would contain more mass and since density is mass dependent, Coke would be denser than Diet Coke. From the results of the experiment, there was a slight difference between the densities of Coke and Diet Coke. The measurements obtained from the pipette and the graduated cylinder demonstrated that Coke is denser than Diet Coke while Diet Coke was shown to be denser than Coke using the burette. With the pipette, the average density of Coke is 1.02 and the average density of Diet Coke is 0.99. With the graduated cylinder, the average density is 0.976968 and the average density of Diet Coke is 0.95. With the burette, the average density of Coke is 0.99 and the average density of Diet Coke is 1.0. Among the three instruments, the most precise was the graduated cylinder and the most accurate was the volumetric pipette. Since density is defined as mass/volume, changing the volume of Coke or Diet Coke would have changed.
* Find the density of both the steel and the honey. The equation Density = Mass Volume will be needed to calculate these. * Fill the measuring cylinder with 100cm3 of honey and place inside the water bath. * Fill the water bath with water of various different temperatures which are recorded before the experiment is carried out.
This is stated as the force exerted by a fluid on unit area, on the surface anywhere within the system.
The flow time (t) is equal to kŋƿ, where k is the viscometer constant, ŋ is the viscosity, and ƿ is the density of the solution. Through experiment, the determination of viscosity can be done by measuring the flow time in a viscometer. It should be taken in consideration that changes in viscosity are always relative to that of the native protein and that of the solvent matrix or blank. The ratio of the viscosity (ŋ) of the sample to the viscosity of the blank (ŋ˳) is equal to the relative viscosity (ŋ/ ŋ˳). The relative viscosity is given by the following equation with the use of the same viscometer for both solution and solvent. [2] The equation is as
The performance curves based on the ethylene glycol solution will be compared to those developed using water as the base to examine the effect, if any, the viscosity and density of the liquid has on the pump.
Part A of the experiment, we were measuring the density of water. In this part, we measured by difference by measuring the mass of the empty graduated cylinder which was 46.35 grams and then added 25.0 milliliters of water to it. When subtracting by difference, our mass of the water was 25.85 grams. This was close to the measurements of the water added to the graduated cylinder. The density of the water was 1.0 grams/milliliters.
The effect of Temperature of liquid on flow rate. - the effect of Temperature on liquid flow (turbulent/laminar) 3) The effect of the Vertical height between source and destination of the fluid on flow rate. - the effect of Vertical height on liquid flow (turbulent/laminar) 4) The effect of the Liquid's Viscosity/Density on flow rate.
Surface Tension: The contractive tendency of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. This is measured in Newton.
Bulk density is important when powdered carbon is removed from the treated waste water by filtration because it determines the weight of carbon that can be contained in a filter of given volumetric solids capacity. When two carbons differing in bulk density are used at the same weight of carbon required per gallon per gallon, more gallons can be filtered with higher density carbon before the available cake space is full. Since cleaning and restarting a filter is expensive , the dense carbon permits less filter down time cost [118].
1.3.a. Volume/flow: The total number of vehicles that pass over a given point or section of a lane or roadway during a given time interval. It is the actual number of vehicle observed or predicted to passing a point during a given interval.
In addition, the viscosity of the liquid will change the behavior of the contents even further because you will not only have a mixed phase of liquid/gas but also different viscosities in other words different measures of the fluid’s resistance. Viscous forces in a fluid are proportional to the rate at which the fluid velocity changes in space. The viscosity thus changes the liquids ease of moving around inside the cylinder. The higher the viscosity, the slower are the fluctuations in
p, ρ, ρp, and μ are fluid pressure, density of the fluid, density of the dust phase and viscosity of the fluid, respectively. Also in energy equations, T and Tp are the temperature of the fluid and temperature of the dust phase, and k is the thermal conductivity of fluid.
The Herschel Bulkley model is applied on fluids with a nonlinear behavior and yield stress. It is considered as a precise model since its equation has three adjustable parameters, providing data (Pevere & Guibaud, 2006). The Herschel Bulkley model is expressed in equation 5, where 0 represents the yield stress. τ = 0 + * n (5) The consistency index parameter () gives an idea of the viscosity of the fluid. However, to be able to compare -values for different fluids they should have similar flow behavior index (n). When the flow behavior index is close to 1 the fluid´s behavior tends to pass from a shear thinning to a shear thickening fluid. When n is above 1, the fluid acts as a shear thickening fluid. According to Seyssiecq and Ferasse (2003) equation 5 gives fluid behavior information as follows: