Alcohol, which is the nucleophile, attacks the acid, H2SO4, which is the catalyst, forming oxonium. However, the oxonium leaves due to the positive charge on oxygen, which makes it unstable. A stable secondary carbocation is formed. The electrons from the conjugate base attack the proton, henceforth, forming an alkene. Through this attack, the regeneration of the catalyst is formed with the product, 4-methylcyclohexene, before it oxidizes with KMnO4. In simpler terms, protonation of oxygen and the elimination of H+ with formation of alkene occurs. Saturated sodium chloride solution, also known as brine solution, is used to wash the distillate mixture. The distillate mixture is the phosphoric acid the co-distilled with the product. The brine solution also removes most of the water from the 4-methylcyclohexane layer. When six drops of 4-methylcyclohexene were added with two …show more content…
Perhaps, a different drying agent may also be used like MgSO4. Another improvement may be to use a curved Pasteur pipette to remove the appropriate liquid. Using a test tube to add anhydrous sodium sulfate resulted in the drying agent being on the sides of the tube. Hence, to improve this error, a glass with a flat bottom may be used. The product was made from 4-methylcyclohexanol. The chemical, 4-methylcyclohexanol is used in industrial settings. In 2014, West Virginia was exposed to this chemical in drinking water. Since this chemical is used to wash coal of its impurities, it was unsafe to drink the water as well as take a shower (CNN). Similarly, 4-methylcyclohexanol has a strong smell which may cause people to have symptoms like vomiting, skin irritation, and trouble breathing. Diesel is also replaced by 4-methylcyclohexanol (National Geographic). The experiment was successful in terms of receiving alkenes by dehydration in the product and not water as seen from the IR
The experiment was not a success, there was percent yield of 1,423%. With a percent yield that is relatively high at 1,423% did not conclude a successful experiment, because impurities added to the mass of the actual product. There were many errors in this lab due to the product being transferred on numerous occasions as well, as spillage and splattering of the solution. Overall, learning how to take one product and chemically create something else as well as how working with others effectively turned out to be a
Methionine represents the first limiting amino acid in broiler nutrition, thus different sources are available to balance diets based of corn and soybean. Bioavailability is different for each methionine source because of its rate of absorption and metabolic pathways. A broiler experiment was conducted to determine the relative bioavailability of Hydroxyl Methyl Analog Calcium (HMA-Ca) relative to DL-Methionine(DL-Met). The experiment was conducted at at Lavinesp (Unesp, Jaboticabal). It was used 1890 male broiler Cobb 500 of 21 days old, they were weighted and distributed homogeneously in a complete randomized design with 13 treatments and 7 replicates each. All birds fed either a basal diet deficient in sulphur amino acids, digestible methionine and cysteine (dig Met+Cys), or the basal diet with four levels of HMA-Ca (0.063, 0.183, 0.302 and 0.540%) and DL-Met (0.054, 0.156, 0.259 and 0.463%) to achieve increasing levels of dig Met+Cys. For the analysis, 5% of significance was considered and procedures of non-linear model were used by SAS. Exponential regression determinates bioavailability of HMA-Ca relative to DL-Met by calculating the relation of the slope of HMA-Ca relative to DL-Met
Equation 1: Benzoin Condensation. The production of benzil (eq. 2) is a redox reaction. The b... ... middle of paper ... ... uced in part C using the product from part B. Another source of error was that on two different occasions recrystallization was omitted from the procedure.
Proceed to carefully add 12 mL of concentrated Nitric acid ( HNO3 ) into the
I described and applied physiological and biomechanical concepts related to physical activity and skill in EXS 397 lab. A student in the lab was tested on their VO2 max using The Bruce Treadmill protocol. With the data I recorded from the test, I was able to apply physiological and biomechanical concepts to explain the subject’s energy sources during the run.
Attach a buret clamp (located under the hood) to a ring stand. b. Rinse the burets three times with approximately 10 ml of deionized water. Tilt and rotate the buret in an almost horizontal position (don't let the water spillout!) to rinse the entire inside wall. Allow about 5 ml of water to run through the buret tip on the last rinse. c. Pre-rinse one buret with approximately 5 ml of your Unknown acid solution. Again, rotate the buret to rinse the entire inside wall of the buret as above. d. Clamp the buret in one side of the buret clamp. Place a white piece of paper labeled "Unknown acid" under this buret. Drain any remaining pre-rinse acid solution into a beaker labeled "waste solution". e. Fill this buret with your Unknown acid solution to the zero mark or slightly below it (Not above the zero mark). Make sure the tip of the buret is completely filled and contains no air bubbles. f. Pre-rinse the second buret with approximately 5 ml of standard base solution. Clamp the buret in the other side of the buret clamp. Place a white piece of paper labeled "Standard NaOH solution" under the buret. Drain remaining prerinse NaOH solution into the waste solution beaker. Fill this buret with standard
enzyme it possessed to act as a catalyst between the hydrogen peroxide and the water.
Addition reactions are a common chemical transformation of a carbon-carbon double bound. Carbon-carbon double bonds contain one pi bond, which is held together weakly, and one sigma bond. The weak pi bond of the alkene, like 1-hexene, can be broken if a strong base is added. The electrophile, aka the base, attacks the nucleophile of the molecule. A covalent bond forms between the base and the carbon, which is an exothermic and favorable reaction. In this specific experiment, 1-hexene and HBr were added to each other to see if 2-bromohexane would form as product. Markonikov’s rule would be followed, and product 2-bromohexane would be formed, if the solution when silver nitrate was added turned a pale yellow color. The point of this experiment
The first step taken within the experiment was to obtain and label three 400 mL beakers with the numbers 1 through 3 using a wax pencil. Once labeled, each beaker needed to be filled with a corresponding solution. The beaker marked with a “1” was filled with 200 mL of distilled water and
In order to accomplish this experiment we’ll need to obtain the materials and chemicals that are required. Material that are required to attain are the sintered glass filtering crucibles (3), desiccator (a drying chamber that keeps materials in the absence of air or in the presence of a drying agent.), analytical balance, hot plate, aluminum foils, 400ml beakers (3), vacuum filter flask, the waste container and turn on the lab convection oven at 110°C. The chemicals required: 3 grams of unknown impure sample of analyte (chloride), 6M HNO3, concentrated HNO3, 6M NH3 (minimum of 10 mL), 0.2 M AgNO3 (minimum of 300mL).
The goal of the project was to characterize an "unknown" organic acid in order to make a proper identification of the acid, while learning proper techniques for scientific measurement and analysis of error.
Recrystallization was undergone from a mixture of ethanol and water and the product obtained filtered.
After 5 minutes yellow in color formed and precipitation did not form. Other steps in this experiment did not happen for test tube 1, for example, after the first 5 minutes, and no changes occurred test tube 1 needed to go into the ice bath to confirm “no reaction”. Therefore test tube 1 data were inconclusive. Test tube 2 contained the synthesized product along with 1 mL of 1% ethanolic silver nitrate, precipitation came rapidly fast for test tube 2. The color was clear and instantly cloudy and white precipitate appeared. Test tube 3 contained 0.2 mL of 1-chlorobutane and the tert-butyl chloride, when shaking the test with the product closed in by the cork the test tube products went from clear to dull yellow color. No precipitation was formed after 5 minutes; therefore, the test tube was placed in a 53 °C of water for an additional 5 minutes. Precipitation appear on the side of the test tube. Test tube 4 contained 0.2 mL of 1-chlorobutane and the tert-butyl chloride, no changes and no precipitation were form. Same as for test tube 1, test tube 4 did not undergo the ice bath after the first 5 minutes, the ice bath is used to confirm if reaction is possible. Test tube 4 data was also
The first step, the condensation of acetoacetate with the aryl aldehyde,known as the Knoevenagel reaction. In the second step, the other half of the molecule can be assembled from ammonia and the second equivalent of acetoacetate; the product is an enamine, which is known as Stork enamine reaction. The third step is conjugate Michael addition and the final tautomerization have the driving force of a stable ring size and extended cross-conjugation in the final Hantzsch ester.
This is a technique that is used when separating mixtures. A substance is put into a mediu...