X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
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I. Overview
This report is a detailed study on X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), a surface
characterization technique. The first question that probably comes in your mind is,
what exactly is surface characterization? Well, surface characterization is a method
which enables us to know everything about the surface in focus. Through this
method, we know the type of atoms present on the surface, the concentrations of the
atoms, the exact locations of the atoms on the surface, the bond lengths and angles of
the molecules on the surface, the strength of the bonding to the surface, and finally
the effect the surface bond will have on surface reactivity. Basically, upon
characterization, you will know the surface like the back of your hand.
The next question that might be asked would be, why do we need all this information
about a surface? The answer to this question is a lot more universal and general than
you would expect. All this information about a surface comes in handy when you are
working with or analyzing a specific surface. This method can analyze a surface as it
is received and we can use the information, or we can use it to compare after the
surface has undergone certain treatment. Some examples of this treatment' are
cutting, scraping, fracturing, Ultra High Vacuum (UHV), ion beam etching, exposure
to heat, exposure to reactive gases or solutions, exposure to ion beam implant, and
exposure to UV light amongst many others. The treatments' serve purposes like
exposure to bulk chemistry (UHV), cleaning surface contamination (ion beam
etching), and study of changes ...
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...l technique in the world today.
V. References
1.) Handbooks of Monochromatic XPS Spectra, Volumes 1-5, B. Vincent Crist,
published by XPS International, LLC, 2005, Mountain View, CA, USA
2.) Surface Analysis by Auger and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, ed. John T.
Grant and David Briggs, published by IM Publications, 2003, West Chester, UK
3.) Handbook of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, J.F.Moulder, W.F.Stickle,
P.E.Sobol, and K.D.Bomben, published by Perkin-Elmer Corp., 1992, Eden
Prairie, Minn, USA
4.) Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, updated 25 Sep
2006, accessed 24 Oct, 2006.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_photoelectron_spectroscopy#Physics_of_XPS
down the surface but this is by means no means the only factor. It is
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