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EFFECTS OF TRADITIONAL FAMILIES
women roles in ancient china of 350 bc- ad 600
Disdvantages of traditional family
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Recommended: EFFECTS OF TRADITIONAL FAMILIES
Women and the Family in Chinese History
By Patricia
The price paid by women in ancient china: Foot binding and Concubines
Georgiana Grecea
WHO 2001
Professor: Peterson
November 1st, 2013
When it comes to traditions, customs and beliefs, one of the most mysterious civilizations in the world is considered to be ancient China. Through their values and cultural lifestyle they have succeeded for many years to make us wonder and want us to know more about their beliefs and traditions in their lives. Many of the traditions of this culture are not fully understood even today. In ancient China, women lived in the shadow of the men such as: their father, husband and even their son. Traditionally, the women in China were expected to obey. There were expected to obey blindly the male presence in their lives.
As part of their tradition, and as early as Song period (960-1276) , was the practice of foot biding. Having perfect feet assured families that their daughter will be able to marry. In many cases some women were married by their families for money. Money played an important role in society in ancient China when it came to women, marriage and social status. Some women also choose to live their lives as a concubine in order to secure a better life and position in society.
Zhou Guizhen is 86 years old and she is one of the survivors of foot binding. She says that she regrets doing it and that at the time there was no choice, because no one would marry you if your feet weren’t small. She also talks about the fact that young bones are easier to manipulate because the bones are softer and they do break easily.
Foot binding was banned in 1912.
The ancient Chinese women were extremely well educat...
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16. —. Emperor Ningzong of Song. March 13, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ningzong_of_Song.
17.—. Empress Han. September 23, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Gongshu.
18. —. Empress Yang (Song Dynasty). September 23, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Gongsheng.
10.—. Foot binding. November 9, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_binding.
3.—. Four Beauties. November 15, 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Beauties.
20. —. The Traditional Chinese Family & Lineage. June 3, 2000. http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/chin/familism.html.
8. WGS Presentation on Women's Bodies- Chinese Feet Binding. Performed by N/A. N/D.
12, 13. Peter. 15 pictures of traditional Chinese clothes in Song and Tang Dynasties. November 29, 2012. http://www.chinawhisper.com/15-pictures-of-traditional-chinese-clothes-in-song-and-tang-dynasties/.
Common in premodern China was the heavy discrimination of women and a strict social role that they were obligated to follow in order to survive. Women were assigned a limiting job at birth: be a good and faithful wife. For thousands of years, women were portrayed more as employees of their husbands than lovers or partners, and this is prevalent in imperial Chinese literature.
The ancient Chinese custom of footbinding caused severe life-long suffering for the Chinese women involved. When researching the subject of footbinding, one of the difficult things is finding factual knowledge written before the 20th century. Most of the historical data has been gathered from writings, drawings and photographs from the 19th and 20th centuries. Additionally, the research indicates that the historical documentation was mainly from missionary accounts and literature from various anti-footbinding societies. These groups had a bias because of their opposing viewpoints. The first documented reference to footbinding was from the Southern Tang Dynasty in Nanjing (Vento 1).
What personal qualities were a women in classical China supposed to exhibit? What were her prescribed responsibilities? To what extent were normative gender roles for women in classical India similar? To what extent they were different?
A custom common at the time, it ensured the prevention of growth in the feet of young girls. The coveted result was one of pain and disability, however, was considered one of beauty, prestige, and social standing. Those with bound feet, or "lotus feet," were admired for their dainty feet and the beauty that was acquired through painful bindings around the feet. This is a portrayal of the status of women in society as well as the males' population's perception of women. A representation of the aristocratic hierarchy present in China, the prevalence of those with small feet were often among the wealthy and they possessed a higher position in society as a result of their husband. Due to the nature of the bindings, women would develop a careful and cautious walk composed of tiny steps. The nature of their walk asserted that women were seen as mere items of pleasure to men, as their walk did not enable them to work. This limited mobility may reflect the limitations women suffered in politics and society as they were perceived as less adept and competent as their male counterparts. As items of pleasure and service, the role of women in society may be illustrated in the tradition of foot
We, as humans, face the most difficult challenges: conformity. We inadvertently aim to be what we see depicted in the environment around us. In many instances, we do so under extreme circumstances without regard to the consequences. Around the globe, different beauty practices of enduring violence and pain, mutilation and self-mutilation can be found in almost every culture. In the Chinese culture, binding one's feet are done in order to achieve a certain length. Foot binding has disappeared from modern-day China, but it was once accepted and a promoted practice among many Chinese women. The origin of such culture, beauty practice is somewhat a mystery; there are many theories as to why women began to bind their feet. The reasons why women began binding their feet are not the only field of importance, why it became popular for women to bind their feet, how and why it became accepted in the Chinese culture and the consequences due to these practices are considered as well. Foot binding was known as a cultural practice that represented femininity and eroticism through physical and mental violence. In this cultural practice, it is believed that foot binding speaks multiple languages; seduction, eroticism, virtue, discipline and sacrifice. Both mother and daughter mutilated their feet in hopes of fulfilling
While it may not be shocking that Western audiences had distaste for the practice of Eastern castration practices, it is a bit more surprising that, despite evidence of the use of eunuchs in China for over a period of 3,000 years, their reputation in China was no more positive. Throughout its history, Chinese historians have made eunuchs the objects of shame and disdain, all the while categorizing them as guilty of greed and female traits that made them susceptible to their weaknesses.27 Yet, while Chinese historians of late Qing often linked eunuchs to the decline of dynasties of the past, indulgence, and corruption, they more often than not seemed to regard eunuchs as necessary to the function of the palace and imperial court, no matter what their qualms with them may have been.28
The ancient Chinese custom of footbinding has caused severe life-long suffering for the Chinese women involved. The first documented reference to footbinding was from the Southern Tang Dynasty in Nanjing. It was introduced in the 11th century and spread from the ranks of the wealthy to those of more modest means to peasantry. A main reason women did this was for the pleasure of men. Men preferred women with small feet and sexual urges weren't present for un-bound feet. Although the history of footbinding is very vague, it lasted for at least one thousand years. This painful process which folds all the toes except the big one under the sole to make the foot slender and pointed, was created just for the enjoyment and looking pleasures of men.
The culture aspect has been at a standstill essentially since its introduction to China, and it has produced the long living China that is now on display. The family aspect of China set up the social culture in the home, which then spilled over into other aspects of China, such as their hierarchical government system. This idea of social order was seen in the foot binding practice that made women more suited to find a husband, furthering the legitimacy of the Confucian relationships. Lastly, it is seen how the intellectual few rule over the physical multitudes and how this idea of social order has sustained China in its cultural practices for over a millennium. The longevity of this country is something to truly marvel at, yet also to disparage, because it is the main source of the lack of cultural
...her in laws. The easiest way to do this was to have a son. Foot binding also started during the Song Dynasty.
Although no definite reason or person has been identified as responsible for the birth of footbinding, there are a few theories. One deals with the Shang dynasty's last empress' malformed feet. Some say she had club feet, bound them in attempts to distil beauty from malformation, and convinced her "spouse to make the compression of feet obligatory for young girls" (Levy, 37). Another scenario involves the Mongols attempting to impair the health of the Chinese women in order to weaken the Chinese. Still another theory, and possibly the most credible, involves the Chinese women attempting to attain greater appeal. Footbinding was not started by women for want of greater self control, nor did it originate from foreign powers. Well bound feet brought honor to the girl's family. Binding feet was even thought to improve other parts of the feminine figure. Footbinding increased attraction by males, which led to a better match. Overall, all the main reasons for binding one's feet, or one's daughters' feet, arise from masculine desires and wants.
As China was a very large and established nation during the millennium from 200 BCE to 800BCE, it is no surprise that it had a large span of influence upon it's surrounding neighbors. (Mckay. 196) The Tang dynasty being established from the years of 618 - 907. (Mckay 193.) As China had been not only a large military force but a force of cultural and artistic exchange. It's surrounding neighbors such as Japan, Vietnam and Korea were surely to have drawn on the ideas of Chinese culture. In this discussion will be the paper will be the discussion of Chinese culture and the effects that it had upon Vietnam and Korea.
Foot binding began in ancient china during the Tang Dynasty (618-960) and continued until the end of the 19th century. Foot binding began as a practice only for the wealthy women but it eventually spread to the lower classes until about 50% of all women had their feet bound. Women began binding their feet when they were about four years old, the process started in the winter when the cold would numb their feet making the pain more bearable. Bandages were soaked in blood and herbs to soften the feet and were wrapped with 10 feet of wrap and tightened daily to make the foot smaller and shaped like a crescent moon. To achieve a tiny foot some women would put glass shards in their binding to make the toes infected and have to be cut off, many died from the infection they inflicted upon themselves. The ideal shape of the foot was bent like a crescent moon towards the heel and only three inches long, the foot would then be placed in a beautiful tiny shoe and was adored by the men of china. To keep the men from seeing or smelling their infected feet the women would always keep the shoes and bandages on ,except when rebinding, and perfume their feet to keep the foul odor down. Men would choose women for their wives based on their feet; some would even refuse a woman if her feet were not bound. The walk that bound feet caused the women to have been thought to make them more sexually appealing because
Examples of cultural constructions can be seen throughout history in several forms such as gender, relationships, and marriage. “Cultural construction of gender emphasizes that different cultures have distinctive ideas about males and females and use these ideas to define manhood/masculinity and womanhood/femininity.” (Humanity, 239) In many cultures gender roles are a great way to gain an understanding of just how different the construction of gender can be amongst individual cultures. The video The Women’s Kingdom provides an example of an uncommon gender role, which is seen in the Wujiao Village where the Mosuo women are the last matriarchy in the country and have been around for over one thousand years. Unlike other rural Chinese villages where many girls are degraded and abandoned at birth, Mosuo woman are proud and run the households where the men simply assist in what they need. The view of gender as a cultural construct ...
To conclude, I find the Chinese Dynasty particularly interesting as these dynasties are what created China, and are very important in Chinese history. Of course there are many more Chinese Dynasties such as the: Tang dynasty (618-906 CE), Song dynasty (960-1279), Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) and Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) which all led to the People's Republic of China which came about in 1949.
Ko, Dorothy. "The Body As Attire: The Shifting Meanings of Footbinding in Seventeenth-Century China". Journal of Women's History. Winter 1997, Vol.8:4.