Madrid is one of the historical cities in the world; it was founded by Emir Muhammad in IX century and originally called Mayrit. (Tour Spain) Now days, Madrid is capital of Spain and the hub of government, politics, education, entertainment, fashion and culture. (Wikipedia) Madrid is a cosmopolitan city that has the modern infrastructure with a cultural heritage full of exciting history. It is not only the largest city in Spain, but also third largest in Europe after London, and berlin. (Spain Info) The city is located in the heart of Spain by Manzanares River and connected to the main ports through the extensive rail system. (Wikipedia) From its start, the city has seen high population growth and modern architecture. (Spain Info)
Madrid has a very important history; it was founded by one of the Muslim rulers called Emir Muhammad. Initially, it was named Mayrit and was under the occupation of Arab Iberian peninsula. During the recapture of Spain by Christians, the city went through extensive cultural and infrastructural changes. (Info Spain) During 1083, King Alfonso I established the current location of the city and all belongings of the Muslim rule were removed which created a loophole in the cultural heritage of the city. (Wikipedia) DURING Philip II (1527–1598), Madrid began to grow rapidly and by the 1650s more than 100,000 people were living in Madrid. During this time, Madrid also flourished in architecture and preserved historical artifacts in its heart. (City data) Most rapid growth in the city occurred during Bourbon kings especially under King Charles III (1759–1788) but Napoleonic wars inhibited the growth of city. (Go Madrid) French troops occupied the city and Napoleon Bonaparte's brother Joseph became the king. A...
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...tom people who will buy green cars.(BBC)
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Looking back into the history of certain events affords the modern researcher the ability to examine a variety of documents and artifacts. It is important, however, to take into account biases, inaccuracies, errors in translation, and overall misinformation when examining primary sources, particularly historical documents. Examining the history of the conquest of the Aztec empire is no different, and in a scenario as tense as it was it is extremely important to consider the authorship of the text. Bernal Diaz’ The Conquest of New Spain and Miguel Leon-Portilla’s The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico offer two distinct looks into the same event in history. Both documents offer differing takes of the same events, so when
William of Orange once stated, “Spain committed such horrible excesses that all the barbarities, cruelties, and tyrannies ever perpetrated before are only games in comparison to what happened to the poor Indians.” This statement is an example of an attempt to discredit the Spanish. Attempts such as these are known as the Black Legend. The Black Legend was the name given to the concept of cruelty and brutality spread by the Spanish during the 14th and 15th century. This legend demonizes Spain and specifically the Spanish empire in an effort to harm the reputation of them. It was through this propaganda that made other countries look down upon the Spanish empire. The Black Legend threw discredit upon the rule of the Spanish by building biases and prejudices against Catholicism and the Spanish treatment of the natives of South America. The Black Legend mainly exaggerated the treatment of the native people in the regions of the Spanish Empire and non-Catholic people such as Protestants and Jews in its European territories. The Black Legend was an anti-Spanish movement, which was started due to political and religious reasons by Northern European Protestant countries who were Spain’s enemies in order to discredit them.
Islamic Spain can be seen as one of the only societies that has grasped the importance of synergy and placed this notion above the typical need for absolute control. It is here where adherents of three religions coexisted and thrived culturally, economically, and intellectually. Two works explain the history of Islamic Spain, one being a documentary by Gardner Films, Cities of Light: The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain, and the other a book by Tamim Ansary called Destiny Disrupted: A History of The World Through Islamic Eyes. While both Ansary and Gardner Films explore the themes of Spain under Islamic rule, Gardner Films provides the viewer with a more thorough history of the region whereas Ansary remains brief and narrow with his narration. The documentary Cities of Light provides a view of Islamic Spain from its beginning to its very end. This documentary touches on every aspect of what life was like in Islamic Spain and the significance of the events that occurred there.
During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was the dominant force in Western civilization. As the Dark Ages came to a close, the monarchies of Europe began to consolidate power; providing an alternative power base. With the Protestant Reformation came another blow to the influence of the Church. Spain, the forerunner in the Age of Discovery, was a fervently Catholic country. During the 16th century, the monarchy combined the forces of "cross and crown" in its imperial policy; much to the dismay and ultimate destruction of the indigenous peoples of the New World. Through an examination of Aztec polytheism and the Catholicism of the conquistadors, comes the central role of religion in the successful conquest of New Spain.
The Reconquista is commonly recognized as the time when the Christians rulers “retook” the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims. However, the significant impact the Reconquista had on the Jews living in Iberia is often disregarded. How did the standard of living for Jewish communities residing in the Iberian Peninsula shift during Muslim rule in comparison to the Reconquista and Inquisition wherein the Jews were living under Christian rule? According to several sources, Jews were tolerated under Muslim rule as their culture thrived and various cities such as Cordoba, Granada, and Toledo had large as well as prosperous Jewish communities. This changed overtime as by the 1300s, when Christians began to rule most of Spain, prejudice against Jews became prevalent. As the years passed, bigotry began to increase, the outbreak of the Black Death contributed to this discrimination because many individuals blamed the Jews for the plague. Subsequently, this hatred gained momentum in the 1400s whereby the Spanish Inquisition resulted in an abundant number of Jewish victims.
Spain, during the 8th century, under the rule of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I, fell into the hands of the Muslims. Coming up from the Maghrib, the Muslims attacked and successfully claimed the Iberian Peninsular. Later, after the fall of the Umayyads to the Abbasids, this Iberian outpost simply became an attempt to continue that, which once was a great empire. Visigothic Spain, therefore, came under significant Islamic influence. This research essay intends to highlight how the Grand Mosque of Córdoba; the Mosque intended on being that of the Caliphate in Spain, illustrates these influences. To understand this better, herein will be discussed, quite simply, aspects of the mosque, which demonstrate that the building, although currently in the form of a cathedral, displays aspects of Moorish Architecture and Art. Whereby, the influence of Islam on Spain will be noticed. In addition to this it will be discussed whether the original design of the Mosque...
La Movida Madrileña, meaning “The Action of Madrid”, was an unplanned countercultural movement from 1977 to 1985 in Spain. It began when Dictator Francisco Franco died and Spain erupted with pent-up energy. It was a movement that valued style over substance. The cultural revolution was evident in the music, subculture, fashion, alcohol, drugs, and sexual experimentation. La Movida took place primarily in Madrid, although some other cities such as Barcelona and Vigo had their own Movidas. Popular nightlife slang of the time reflected the spirit of the movement: “¿Dónde está la movida?”— “Where’s the action?”
The Cult of Saint James was born through turmoil but survived because of faith. The fact that Spain was never conquered by the Moors and turned into an Arab nation is believed to be thanks to Saint James, and also why he is, and has been, the patron saint of Spain. Santiago de Compostela is considered one of the three most important centers of Christianity with Jerusalem and Rome being the other two. For this feat, Spain was and is grateful to Saint James, and the pilgrimage to his tomb has been a monumentous occasion for Christians all over Europe and the world.
Religion is very important in Spain. Many Spaniards are baptized, married and buried as followers of the Roman Catholic church. Under the 1978 constitution the church is no longer Spain's official or recognized faith, though financial support is still provided by the state. As a result, the church's effect on the Spanish
“Houston was founded in 1836 by two brothers,” (World Book Encyclopedia pg. 394) John K. Allen and Augustus Allen. They bought 6,642 acres on which to build the great city. They decided to name the city after their friend Sam Houston. “He was a general that led the army that won Texas’s freedom from Mexico.” (Passionate Nation pg. 274) Sam Houston also became the first Texas president. The brothers built a capitol building; it was two stories tall and made completely out of wood. The Texas Congress moved from Colombia to the new capitol building. Within four months after Houston was founded, more than 1,500 people were living there. Once the city started growing, Houston became very famous for its popular port. The port sent goods to and received goods from all around the world. Sadly, in the 1900s a hurricane hit it. “Houston helped out in World War II. They helped with ship building, steel producing, and producing oil.” (visithoustontexas.com) Houston’s history is very rich and so is its culture.
"La Movida Madrileña" ["The Action of Madrid"]. don Quijote. don Quijote Salamanca S.L., n.d. Web. 2
In the early 16th century Hernán Cortés wrote a letter to King Charles I of Spain. The letter being a statement of great accomplishment and power wasn’t just a simple letter; to Hernán Cortés it was a symbol of authority and a step forward towards expansion. The letter acknowledged their achievements of this expedition; the first being their success and the discovery of land to be colonized and this amazing empire known as the Aztec empire. Steel, armor, canons, firearms, and horses presented Cortés and his crew the advantage over the native people they encountered which helped justify the Spanish overcoming of the Aztec empire.
Architecture is such a wide thing when we talk about buildings and projects. Architecture is defined as the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. One of the Renaissance man who not only define...
In order to create innovative public architecture, considered to be the most civic, costly, time intensive and physical of the arts, the project holds a degree of risk, strife, and negotiation . Overcoming these tasks and creating worthy public architecture is a challenge designers try to accomplish, but are rarely successful. The people involved in a potential public building, can be larger than the building itself. Public architecture tries to please all, even the doubters and critics, but because of the all these factors, a building is closer to failing than succeeding.
Spain, the third largest country in Europe, has a strong history and diverse culture dating back to when the Iberians first inhabited the land. The country lies between the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean and the land ranges from mountains to meadows. Over hundreds of centuries, many different civilizations have inhabited the land influencing the people there today. From the Visigoths and Celts to the Romans of the Middle Ages, Spain has received a rich history and background. One of the strongest of its cultures is the food. All of these cultures brought a particular type of food and combined and blended with the food that exists there today. Spain is very popular for olives, vineyards, and citrus fruit. Another well-liked food is garlic, including varieties of peppers and spices. Once spice specifically—golden saffron—is essential in many recipes, including the Spanish Paella. There are many distinguished Spanish foods that encompass the daily life and culture of the country.