Survey on wireless sensor networks:
Many recent advancements which took place in the wireless communications and electronics is the reason which enabled development of cost effective sensors, and those sensors are used for various applications like in household, military and other areas. The networks still have some technical problems which still need to be fixed and are currently being researched.
Primarily a wireless sensor network is a group of spatially spread sensors which are deployed to monitor and record the physical condition of the environment and also gather data like temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, sound and etc. The wireless sensor networks consist a few hundred to thousand sensor nodes which include radio transceiver with an antenna, electronic circuit, a battery and a microcontroller.
Sensor Networks Communication Architecture
The sensor field consists of sensor nodes which are scattered, all these nodes are capable to collect and give the data to sink. Here the data is sent back to the sink using the multihop architecture. The sensor nodes which are scattered in the field is shown in the figure below.
The performance of a sensor field is effected by a few design factors like production costs, scalability, hardware constraints, power consumption, sensor network topology and fault tolerance.
Protocol Stack :
The protocol stack is built up with a few layers and planes, namely application layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, physical layer. And the planes are task management plane, mobility management plane and power management plane. The block diagram of a protocol stack is shown below
Physical layer:
The main functions of the physical layers are
• frequency selection
• carrier ...
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...ion protocol, the name itself says that it deals with queries. Here user application with interface to issues is provided, it also responds to queries and collects incoming replies. The queries here are attribute based, like location based naming of nodes. SQTL is the language used to get the services done. Keywords like receive, every and expire are used to get the information.
Conclusion :
Considering the factors such as fault tolerance, flexibility, high sensitivity and low cost of sensor networks have a exciting prospect in the present and future days in various departments with various applications and uses of its kind. There are still many more improvements to be done for the current network sensors, and many of them are currently under research and will be out soon with the best possible solutions to tackle all the possible constraints and work optimally.
Stephen Kern, a professor of history at The Ohio State University, wrote the chapter “Wireless
As the Fig 1 showing, the node which generates the packet is the source node. There are many sensor nodes in a 3-D interest area. The packet is delivered among these sensor nodes and finally try to reach one sink node. Sink nodes are deployed on the water surface. In the figure, it is a multiple-sink topology. Multiple sinks equipped both radio-frequency and acoustic modems are fixed on the water surface.The packet is assumed delivered successfully if it reaches any one of the sink nodes because sink nodes use radio-frequency channel to communicate with each other which is several orders of magnitudes faster than acoustic channel.
Define Protocol: A Protocol is a set of rules or procedures for transmitting data between electronic devices, such as computers. In order for ocmputers toe xchange information, there must be a preexiting agreement as to how the information will be structered and how each side will send and recieve it.
C. Lee "Network-based fire-detection system via controller area network for smart home automation", IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 50, no. 4, pp.1093 -1100 November 2004
It is about the ability to deliver any information to any device over any network. In short, it is about computers everywhere where computers are embedded into equipments , machines , furniture or people. Portable devices, wireless communication and nomadic or ubiquitous computing systems.
6) Michele Zorzi, “Wireless Sensor and networks: Recent trends and Research Issues’’, University of Padova, Italy, IEEE communication society, Poland, April 28-30, 2008.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) have the potential to improve the flexibility, productivity, and the quality of work life of an enterprise (Sage Research Staff, 2001). Berean Institute is a typical two year college with about a staff of sixty eight employees and 250 students per semester. Berean teaches cosmetology, barbering and the latest software and hardware technology, which is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Berean currently has two locations in the Philadelphia area and using a Local Area Network (LAN).
The fourth level is the “Skeleton Plane” (Garrett 2011:20). The skeleton plane concentrates on the interface design, navigation design and the information design of an interactive product (Garrett 2011:20). It addresses the placement of the buttons, text and images on each page or screen (Garrett 2011:20). The skeleton helps to arrange the elements so that the pages or screens are of utmost effectiveness and efficiency (Garrett 2011:20). So the user can find what he needs when it is needed as quickly as possible and to be able to remember where to find it (Garrett 2011:20). As show in figure 1, this plane is divided in three sections.
Sensors are regarded as small, tiny and intelligent devices that are used to measure physical variable like Temperature, Humidity, Gas, Velocity, Flow Rate, pressure and many others. According to American National Standards Institute, “A Sensor is defined as device which provides a usable output in response to a specified measure.”
In today’s technologically advanced environment, computers are everywhere. Electronic devices are in incorporated into our lives from the mirrors in our bathroom to the smart phones in our pockets and everything in between. The vision of Andrews, Inc is “To be the manufacturer’s choice for sensors, powering the things of everyday life.” Our goal is to build sensors which are adequate, affordable and accessible to the business customers building the products of today. The Andrews business customer is looking for sensors which will get the job done. Put another way, they are need a basic sensor designed to meet their product needs. Our customers are looking for ways to increase their contribution margins and maintain a reasonable price point for their consumers. Lastly, these business customers need the product to meet their production schedule. It is essential to be a key supplies contributing to the customers value chain activities.
IOT systems use a combination of short-range network communication technologies such as Bluetooth and ZigBee, which are used to carry the information from perception devices to a nearby gateway based on the capabilities of the communicating parties. Internet technologies such as WiFi, 2G, 3G, and 4G carry the information over long distances based on the application. Applications aim to create smart homes, smart cities, power system monitoring etc. [6] Today, it is hard to manage waste collection processes and management without the use of high technology to pinpoint the locations of vehicles and recycling bins [2].
Wireless technology has come from the basics of cellular usage to sensors in the medical field. Wires are now a thing of the past in today’s world with technology forever revitalizing. Wi-Fi (Wireless Network) or 802.11 networking is a phenomenal way of providing wireless Internet at a low cost. Using radio waves, a wireless network connects a PC, mobile phone or just about anything that connects to the internet wirelessly via a router.
Local Area Networks also called LANs have been a major player in industrialization of computers. In the past 20 or so years the worlds industry has be invaded with new computer technology. It has made such an impact on the way we do business that it has become essential with an ever-growing need for improvement. LANs give an employer the ability to share information between computers with a simple relatively inexpensive system of network cards and software. It also lets the user or users share hardware such as Printers and scanners. The speed of access between the computers is lighting fast because the data has a short distance to cover. In most cases a LAN only occupies one or a group of buildings located next to each other. For larger area need there are several other types of networks such as the Internet.
De Poorter, E., Troubleyn, E., Moerman, I., & Demeester, P. (2011). IDRA: A flexible system architecture for next generation wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 17(6), 1423-1440. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-011-0356-5
There are several advantages to the layered approach provided by the OSI model. With the design separated into smaller logical pieces, network design problems can be easier to solve through divide and conquer techniques. Vendors who follow the model will produce equipment that is much more likely to be compatible with equipment from other vendors. The OSI model also provides for more extensible network designs. New protocols and other network services are more easier added to a layered architect.