Throughout the course of this Investigation, how sugar influences the rate of fermentation and how this in turn, affects the overall quality of wine was explored. Three wines were produced, each with varying sugar levels. The Investigation was designed so that one wine had a fairly low sugar content; one had an ideal sugar content and one had a high sugar content. After the fermentation process stopped, a taste test was conducted in order to assess the quality of the wine. The taste testers were blindfolded in order to reduce the chance of biased opinions. Each taste tester not only sampled each wine, but also sugar water and tonic water. This enabled the validity of the results to be assessed. It was found that the majority of the conclusions drawn by the taste testers were legitimate.
During the fermentation process, the yeasts that were initially added to the wine reproduce, via asexual reproduction. Theoretical research has concluded that this is dependant on the sugar content of the wine. The higher the sugar content of the wine, the greater the rate of reproduction. When yeasts are exposed to anaerobic conditions, yeast is able to undergo fermentation, the process by which grape juice becomes alcoholic. Energy is essential to this process. The necessary energy that is required is produced via anaerobic respiration.
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
C6H1206 + O2 CO2 + H20 + Energy
Figure 11: equation for anaerobic respiration
Author Unknown, 2010
Therefore the greater the amount of sugar (glucose- C6H1206) inputted into the wine, the more energy that it is able to be produced. This energy produced is transferred to the yeasts, providing the necessary energy ...
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...oncentration as it may have generated the greatest concentration of tartaric acid, whereas Wines B and C may have produced other acids present in wine, such as malic, lactic, citric, acetic or succinic acid.
Esters are compounds formed by condensation between an acid and an alcohol. In the Investigation, ethanol in the wine would have provided the alcohol and the acids present would have produced the acid component, therefore it was predicted that the taste test would see to the detection of certain esters. During the taste test, many taste testers described the wine as having fruity flavours, detecting esters such as apples, peaches in wines A and B. The apple ester is a common ester that is detected in alcoholic beverages when ethyl acid is present. The Therefore wines A and B may have had a greater concentration of ethyl acid, when compared to Wine C.
ester, and we produce the most acid and alcohol. In bottle 3 we still have a good
In the span of only a few pages, L.B. Church has given us an overview of the winemaking process. He has done so with sufficient detail for those in the chemistry community to follow along, yet still in a cursory enough manner as to not bog them down with the unnecessary. Written as if it were the procedure of an experiment, he has given enough information for the experiment to be repeated, tested, validated and improved upon. And that is almost assuredly his goal from the very beginning, as it must be for any published author in the chemistry community.
Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic reactions, in which cells of most organisms carry out to produce energy. Yeast are single-celled organisms, classified in the Fungi family, that carry out this process, converting sugar, as a source of energy, and oxygen to create adenosine tripohosphate (ATP) for other chemical reactions. If the yeast cell is in a situation when oxygen is not present, the cell will undergo fermentation, which produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol, aiding the baking of bread and making of wine.
The name for the process of fermentation comes from ‘fervere’, the Latin word meaning “to boil”. Early observers of the process assigned this name to it because as fermentation occurred in barrels containing crushed grapes, being used to create wine, bubbles were produced making it appear as though the mixture were boiling. Yeasts have been secretly creating alcoholic (fermented) beverages since ancient times in Asia, Egypt, Babylon, and many other early civilizations. However, no one knew what made the process work and what made the creation of such fermented beverages possible. When people think of traditional wine makers, it is not uncommon to picture someone standing in a large bucket mashing up grapes with their feet. These ancient wine makers realized that for some odd r...
Brown-Forman Corporation is one of the largest American companies in the wind and spirits industry, Fetzer Vineyards is their largest winemaker. Revenue and gross profit for the beverage segment of Brown-Forman were up 11% and 14%, respectively, in fiscal 2004. However, the growth was driven by the premium spirits brands, and the gross profit from the company’s wine brands declined due to a drop in volume for both Fetzer and Bolla wines. There are many symptoms for why this decline has occurred. Health consciousness is a rising trend among Americans of all ages and the latest crazes are the low-carbohydrate diets. Recently, Fetzer has introduced into the market two new low-carbohydrate wines, a chardonnay and a merlot. Their premium spirits brands have not been affected by the new diets because bourbon, whiskey, rum, gin, and vodka all contain no carbohydrates. However, most mixers used to accompany these spirits usually contain a significant amount of carbohydrates. Introducing these new wines could offer a new choice, but not a substitute, for many dieters and at the same time give Brown-Forman the lead in this new market.
The global wine industry is being influenced by numerous factors, specifically consumer demand and changes in the way wine is produced and sold (Old vs. New). In regards, consumers and producers have shifted away from the traditions of the Old World and have transitioned to accept the innovating techniques the New World has brought to the wine industry, thus the challenge the new world is presenting upon the old.
In the 1976’s American wine, industry had forever changed. France has been the leader thought the winemaking world for centuries. This movie “Bottle Shock” is based on a true story of California wine makers on their first milestone of the winery industry. The wine industries in California show the world that the French is not the only credible wine producers. The movie helps us to see the significance in wine culture had a change not only the French opinion of Americans, but the entire world’s opinion had changed. I will explain the meaning of the movie along with significant details that happened to become the reason how American wine will rival the French wines and changed the world.
Fermentation is an anaerobic process in which fuel molecules are broken down to create pyruvate and ATP molecules (Alberts, 1998). Both pyruvate and ATP are major energy sources used by the cell to do a variety of things. For example, ATP is used in cell division to divide the chromosomes (Alberts, 1998).
“The quality of grapes for wine depends on both the variety and the environment in this...
...p to how champagne is made is its first fermentation. The juice of the grape submits to the first fermentation for the high acidic based wine. Once the fermentation is completed, step three is blending, which is an important part in the champagne process. Blending is where different grapes, from different areas and vintages are blended together to produce an group of perfection. Step four is a second fermentation, where the yeast produces the alcohol and carbon dioxide. Step five is where the wine ages, the lees aging intensifies the the flavors. After the aging, remuage/riddling is performed to push the dead yeast forward. Once the dead yeast is ready to be disgorged, it is disgorged. After the dead yeast has been removed, one measures the dosage. Lastly, the wine is “recorked” and sent off to rest before being sold, (A Visual 9 Step Process: How Champagne is Made).
Generally speaking, other alcoholic beverages can be viewed as being a substitute for wine. However, specific substitution of wine in the New World is low because most individuals prefer to purchase wine from a retail facility instead of producing their own. Where as in the Old World the option of producing wine...
If you drink wine, there is no doubt you are familiar with the prestige of California’s wines. They have taken the U.S. wine indu...
Wine has a similar composition, but has much lower levels of sugar (none in dry wines), 8 - 13% alcohol and a greater range of minor components. Commercial wine manufacture consists of five basic steps.
Post the fermentation process, the amount of alcohol present is a main control of the taste and quality of each wine; creating preference. Fermentation (more specifically ethanol fermentation) is the process in which pyruvate (from glucose metabolism (carbohydrates)) is ...
The process of alcoholic fermentation begins with the use of enzymes. The enzymes begin to break down the long chains in starch molecules, a polysaccharide that consists of a large quantity of glucose molecules (C6H12O6) joined by glycosidic bonds as seen in figure 1, into single glucose molecules, a monosaccharide with six carbons and five hydroxyl groups. After the starch has become sugar, the enzymes are used once again, this time to convert the sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, CO2, as seen in figure 2 (World of Scientific Discovery, 2007). The carbon dioxide produced is released into the atmosphere, leaving water and ethanol, the alcohol, behind. Ethanol is a colorless flammable liquid with a molecular formula of C2H6O, giving it a molar mass of 46.07 grams per mole. Ethanol is also characterized by a melting point of -114°C or 159 K.