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Immigration in late 1800 -1900
Industrial Revolution and urbanization
Negative effects of urbanisation
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“When the US constitution was ratified in 1789, the cities of the new nation were perched on edge of a ragged coastline of a vast, mostly unexplored continent. Only five of these cities- Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston had reached a population of 10,000 people. In the decades to follow, the social and economic development of the nation depended heavily upon the growth of its cities.” (Swanstrom and Judd, 14). Many cities foresaw this dependency on population in order to grow economically and as a whole. Later, they began to work hard on attracting immigrants to their cities, but would never expect the shocking results that they would receive from industrialization a century later. The industrial age cities grew at a pace that had no historical precedent that …show more content…
Over a short amount of time, it becomes a challenge and a question arises. What is the capacity of the government to govern? How could the government keep up with everyone’s needs and wants? This became a problem and that is why congress passed a bill in 1821 and 1824, to curve this immigration surge and made it more difficult to enter the United States. Local government began to spend more money than the federal government on employing government positions like police; fire fighters etc… many residences of the cities would question local government. Municipal services lagged behind and only responded to crisis. There was tax increases and people began to complain more so this became a question of difficulty to maintain order. Riots began to arise due to tax increase for pipe support for expansion and chaos broke out. People began to demand better sewer system and water
“Could suburbs prosper independently of central cities? Probably. But would they prosper even more if they were a part of a better-integrated metropolis? The answer is almost certainly yes.” (p. 66)
In the middle of the nineteenth century, several factors contributed to the growth and expansion of cities in the United States. The 1850s saw a fantastic peak in the immigration of Europeans to America, and they quickly flocked to cities where they could form communities and hopefully find work1. The rushing industrialization of the entire country also helped to rapidly convert America from a primarily agrarian nation to an urban society. The transition, however, was not so smooth. Men and women were attracted to the new cities because of the culture and conveniences that were unavailable to rural communities.
As industrialization caused cites to grow in leaps and bounds, political bosses started to take power. As the 19th Century came to a close, almost every sizable city had a political boss, or at least had one rising to power. Tons of immigrants from every part of the world began to pour into the major cities. Cities have had diversity in the past, but the huge diversity of the American cities was unique.
In the late nineteenth century known as the Gilded Age (or the Reconstruction period) and the early twentieth century known as the Progressive era, the nation went through great economic growth and social change. Beginning in the 1870s, there was rapid growth in innovations and big businesses. This could be because there was population growth and when there is population growth, there is a high demand for products and other necessities in order to strive in society. Many immigrants from Europe, mostly from the eastern and southern Europe, and Asia moved to American cities. Additionally, farmers from rural America desired to increase economic growth and since corporations ruled and political problems occurred, they decided to move into the cities.
From mid 1840s into the nineteenth century the Pacific Northwest transformed from small towns to urban cities, traveling by foot to building railroads, and establishing statehood. The urban growth grew tremendously from 1880s to 1920s. Immigrants coming for all over Europe and Asia, the Pacific Northwest changed from pioneers to an urban society.
The industrial cities that spawned during and after the birth of the Industrial Revolution were very different from the cities that existed before to the revolution. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, cities were a market where trade goods could be bought and sold. Trappers and hunters would come into towns to sell their goods to shoppers who were eager to obtain these items. Blacksmiths and barbershops, saloons and banks, farmers and stable masters were typically the primary typical businesspersons within a typical pre-industrial revolution city. The traditional American city went through many drastic changes in a short period of time during the Industrial Revolution, and would never be the same. Some may claim that American cities during the Industrial Revolution were suffering due to the sudden growth that they were experiencing. Although American cities were in fact riddled with problems during the Industrial Revolution, the innovations to solve these problems would change the shape of America forever, for the better.
After the Industrial Revolution cities were nasty places. Mayors and other donors decided to make these cities more inviting. Cities like New York and Chicago are majorly inspired by this movement. When Chicago burned down in 1871, they rebuilt the city to be beautiful and white for purity. Cities felt the need to reinvent because people now had more leisure time and should be attracted to the events in the cities.
For many, America has becoming a refuge for immigrants fleeing social, political, or economic struggles. Countries that are incapable of providing their citizens with the means necessary to fulfill a stable life tend to flee toward America. Today, the nation acts almost as a dumping ground for foreigners. As well, many locations in the United States have become ghost towns, whereas major cities are becoming overpopulated. People are migrating into areas where they see future economic opportunity. In looking at this, a great comparison can be seen between the population boom of the Market Revolution and the population of today's nation.
America was a time of rapid growth for people all across the country. The Industrial Revolution began a few years after the Civil War with the invention of steam powered machines. From there, America faced a time of massive expansion and modern industrialized cities popped up across the United States. While there was much success across the nation, such as manual labor becoming easier and a huge population growth, the negative effects of industrialization outweigh the positives. A few of the issues that made industrialization an atrocious time for many was the racism and segregation towards immigrants and unsafe and unfair working conditions/the deprivation of a regular childhood for kids across the nation.
An outburst in growth of America’s big city population, places of 100,000 people or more jumped from about 6 million to 14 million between 1880 and 1900, cities had become a world of newcomers (551). America evolved into a land of factories, corporate enterprises, and industrial workers, and, the surge in immigration supplied their workers. In the latter half of the 19th century, continued industrialization and urbanization sparked an increasing demand for a larger and cheaper labor force. The country's transformation from a rural agricultural society into an urban industrial nation attracted immigrants worldwide. As free land and free labor disappeared and as capitalists dominated the economy, dramatic social, political, and economic tensions were created.
The Gilded Age was defined by its polarizing division of wealth and the mindset that was brought about by capitalism. During the Gilded Age, there was an expansion of commerce and heavy industry (Maicionis and Parillo 25). It saw the increase in several industries such as railroads, iron, electricity, steel, oil, and coal (Maicionis and Parillo 25). It was also a time where there was an increase in the effects of technological development on workers (Maicionis and Parillo 25). This form of industrialization had several consequences with one of them being urbanization. Factories were created in places where people live, cities. Then with more jobs in a place, people migrated to that place for employment. This industrialization is what led to urbanization during the Gilded Age. “Crony capitalism, inequality, extravagance, social Darwinian self-justification, blame the victim callousness, free-market hypocrisy: Thus it was, thus it is again!” (Fraser) Urbanization is also occurring today, but not because of industrialization. Today, urbanization is still occurring and is largely thought to be an after effect of the Industrial Revolution of long ago (Maicionis and Parillo 180). As a model, countless of the jobs that exist in America today are located in cities. For that very reason, many people still move to cities. Though, there is a movement towards suburbia for some people, the amount of people who are
Industrialization in the 19th century changed our nation. We became a modern, faster paced society with modern technologies. Women joined the work force and helped develop our nation. Cities grew and developed, leading to advanced transportation and high rise skyscrapers. Even farmers began to feel the improvement of the nation's economy. Industrialization had spread across the USA.
America had a huge industrial revolution in the late 1800”s. Many changes happened to our great nation, which factored into this. The evidence clearly shows that advancements in new technology, a large wave of immigrants into our country and new views of our government, helped to promote America’s huge industrial growth from the period of 1860-1900.
In the United States there are many highly populated, big cities that exist. They not only serve as purpose for business and industry, but also serve as homes for many people. Chicago, the third highest populated city in the United States, can be defined in several different ways. Carl Sandburg a fan and native of Chicago describes the city. Sandburg describes the city in different ways with his poems “Chicago” and “Skyscraper.” Both poems portray the city as lively and dominant, but the poem "Skyscraper" acknowledges drawbacks of the city.
Jacobs, Jane. "12-13." The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House, 1961. N. pag. Print.