Political Ecology
Political ecology began in the 1960s as a response to the neglect of the environment and political externalities from which it is spawned. Political ecology is the analysis of social forms and humans organizations that interact with the environment, the phenomena in and affecting the developing world. Political ecology also works to provide critiques and alternatives for negative reactions in the environment. This line of work draws from all sorts of fields, such as geography, forestry, environmental sociology, and environmental history in a complex relationship between politics, nature, and economics. It is a multi-sided field where power strategies are conceived to remove the unsustainable modern rationality and instead mobilize social actions in the globalized world for a sustainable future. The field is focused in political ethics to refresh sustainability, and the core questions of the relationships between society and ecology, and the large impacts of globalization of humanized nature.
Political ecology also involves conflicts between people and institutions over resources, in both developed world and developing world contexts. The use of natural resources and the creation of a sustainable environment is a critical issue that must be observed from different perspectives. Does it permit sustainable resources? Is it a threat to local security? How is income distributed through societies, both gender and location wise? Who decides how these are to be classified? These are key problems in political ecology.
Policy making. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, often referred to as the framework convention because it was the original effort to protect the ozone layer, was established in...
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... Carbon Market is a form of trading that specifically targets carbon dioxide (calculated in tonnes of carbon dioxide) and is the bulk of emissions trading. Carbon trading is a common method countries use to meet their obligations from the Kyoto Protocol, which involves an attempt to reduce future climate change.
Outside if politics, there are also groups called NGOs: (Non-governmental Organizations) that are not run by state or local governments that operate as nonprofits organizations; these groups have created a web of global development networks in response to governmental decision making dominated by the core (e.g., WTO, IMF, World Bank). A main point of NGOs is to have undeveloped and developing countries participate. Unfortunately, this is sometimes seen as counter-hegemonic, which is where nations dominate other nations, both economically and politically.
The word “environment” was given then a contrasting connotation. Unlike the traditional environmental movement, which was condemned for ignoring the experience of black people and the lower class, the environment was restructured as a setting where people live. Supporters started to focus comprehensively on making the topic evenhanded. Advocates classified this equality into three expansive types: technical, geographic, and societal equities. Technical impartiality is apprehensive on unbiased manner or justice on the employment of central regulations, assessment criterion, and enforcement of environmental rules. Geographic fair play is concentrated on finding groups of people and their propinquity to green peril, ...
Non-governmental development organizations are working to decrease and eradicate poverty throughout the world and to increase equitable treatment and well being throughout the global populace. This essay will examine two such Non-governmental development organizations and examine and contrast their values, behaviors and practices. Differences will be drawn between these Non-governmental development organizations, as well as highlighting similarities in view and achievement between both Non-governmental development organizations. Overall these differences and similarities will be highlighted in reference to their relationship to the global market and international civil society. Ultimately it will be demonstrated that, whilst Non-governmental development organizations work through different goals and processes, they are coming together in their effects to improve economic equilibrium, health and wellbeing for marginalized and impoverished countries and communities.
Rudel, K. Thomas, J. Timmons Roberts and JoAnn Carmin. 2011. “Political Economy of the Environment.” Annual Review of Sociology 37: 221-238.
“Ecology and spirituality are fundamentally connected, because deep ecological awareness, ultimately, is spiritual awareness” - Fritjof Capra
The issue again is deciding what exactly is important enough to conserve. We cut down entire forests, and continue to do so today, but we all wish to plant a tree in our yard. It is interesting that we would wish to alter nature so drastically just to try to hold on to it in the most basic ways we know possible. Again it goes to the idea of nostalgia, we focus on aspects of nature we no longer have simply because we miss it. In places like Brazil the amount of forests are still abundant because their need is not just based in appeal. Yet, as Brazil urbanizes, it is going to be difficult for the trees to bounce back. One researcher focused on this problem and states, “Recent studies suggest that deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon could increase sharply in the future as a result of over US$ 40 billion in planned investments in highway paving and major new infrastructure projects in the region”. (Lawrence, 2001) A project that big could pave roads all over the country, which would mean lot of forests would be cut down to make way. It seems that humans are not so much the issue as the society in which they live in. Like America before the English, third world countries tend to be abundant in resources, or at the very least one main export. The problem with this is it creates a capitalist system that does not work in unison the environment. This is also a time to say it is important to know about society at the time of these movements, because they tend to coincide with the societal climate of the time. Despite all of this, one major thing we always seem to forget is that nature, despite our constant effort, has survived. It has been heavily altered and changed but it is still there and still important, so important that we surround ourselves with it
Non-government organisations (NGO) are a diverse group of private organisations set up to engage in a wide variety of activities such as building schools, reporting on human rights, advocacy of the poor, climate change and disease prevention. NGOs are usually set up as charities or not for profit, meaning any profit they do make goes back into funding the services they provide. The number of NGOs is rapidly increasing and world wide there is an estimated 10 million NGOs. To give a bit of scale, in a country like India which has a population of 1.2 billion people there is approximately one NGO for every 400 people in the country. One of the most prominent and well known NGOs working across the globe is Amnesty International
There are many environmental issues currently flowing through the media into society and raising some strong opinions and arguments. South Africa, being one of the world’s most diverse natural ecosystems, has come under the spotlight with regards to many issues such as the Karoo Fracking debacle and the Rhino Horn Poaching crisis. Unfortunately these issues are not represented only by the parties directly involved but rather by ‘gate keepers’, as we shall call them, who determine how the issue is framed and represented to the masses. The media has the ability to warp perspective and portray our role in the issue as they see fit. The debate about human’s place in nature is still one that creates many waves, and the media has a ‘knack’ for choosing sides. Should humans be allowed to control their environment in such a way that they exploit it purely for their own benefit rather than nurturing and caring for it as if it were a gift? This links to the theory of supremacy over animals which has been very controversial.
When using such a broad term as environmental ethics, it is necessary define what that entails. Environment, in this paper, deals strictly with natural habitats and ecosystems. We will not mak...
The case I will be using is about a man named Tyrone Howard who has allegedly shot at a police officer named Randolph Holder. According to the article Howard was already being pursued by officials in another shooting that took place in September. He had been trying to avoid officers during this time until he had crossed paths with Holder and Wallace, another officer with him, and at this point shot Holder. The theories I will be using are psychological and social ecology. The models I am using will be the medical and social.
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) comprises of a wide variation of groups. As definition varies, it would be demanding to elucidate the entity where NGOs are basically non-profit organisations that is “independent of government and depend in whole or in part on charitable donations and voluntary services” (Serina Rahman, 2016). In Brunei Darussalam, there is no distinct explanation for this term as it is deemed to be ambiguous. Despite that, Brunei still has a wide variation but a limited number of registered NGOs from focusing on humanities, to environmental aspects, which all are under surveillance of the government. In the case of environmental NGOs (ENGOs), they focus on long-term sustainable management and conservation in the field
An NGO (non-governmental organization) is a normal people/citizen-based organization that works independently from the government. An NGO is usually made up from mostly volunteers, who work because they want to help normal people like themselves. Even though an NGO is independent it is transparent which means the governments can see what they are doing. The reason this needs to be done is because the NGO can be putting all the money they get in their own pockets instead of helping people. NGO are totally neutral, which means they are never for one side or the other. The reason this needed is because, for example in a war if one side suspects the NGO is working with the other side they wouldn’t let them enter their borders. They give humanitarian aid!
This paper is divided into three parts and underlines the key information provided in the respective chapter related to the development of environmental regimes. First, it introduces and summarizes the processes involved in the development of GERs. Second, it briefly illustrates these processes to two case studies provided by the authors; ozone depletion and climate change. Finally, the paper ends with a brief personal reaction, also based on readings from Conca and Debelko’s Institutions of Global Environmental Governance, to add perspective to the final analysis.
A human induced global ecological crisis is occurring, threatening the stability of this earth and its inhabitants. The best path to address environmental issues both effectively and morally is a dilemma that raises concerns over which political values are needed to stop the deterioration of the natural environment. Climate change; depletion of resources; overpopulation; rising sea levels; pollution; extinction of species is just to mention a few of the damages that are occurring. The variety of environmental issues and who and how they affect people and other species is varied, however the nature of environmental issues has the potential to cause great devastation. The ecological crisis we face has been caused through anthropocentric behavior that is advantageous to humans, but whether or not anthropocentric attitudes can solve environmental issues effectively is up for debate. Ecologism in theory claims that in order for the ecological crisis to be dealt with absolutely, value and equality has to be placed in the natural world as well as for humans. This is contrasting to many of the dominant principles people in the contemporary world hold, which are more suited to the standards of environmentalism and less radical approaches to conserving the earth. I will argue in this essay that whilst ecologism could most effectively tackle environmental problems, the moral code of ecologism has practical and ethical defects that threaten the values and progress of anthropocentricism and liberal democracy.
As individuals who live in the USA, we are prepared with the necessary information about infectious diseases, which are a highly important matter for our health. However, as a developed country, we do not have as many disease outbreaks as the developing societies. Geographers and ecologists, have researched interconnection between geography, political economy and cultural ecology, which all relate to one another and therefore, could be described as ‘political ecology’. More specifically, in the article, “The political ecology of disease as one new focus of medical geography” by Jonathan D. Mayer, the author does an exceptional work in recognizing the main factors and how, throughout time, they have evolved into a new idea for the medical geography
Ecology is the study of ecological systems, or as it is sometimes called, the economy of nature. “Environmental” usually implies relating to the natural, versus human-made world; the “systems” means that ecology