What is Diabetes Mellitus?

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What is Diabetes Mellitus? Diabetes is a very common disorder. It is the 8th leading cause of death worldwide. It is projected that the number of individuals with diabetes will almost double by 2030. Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterized by abnormalities in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. The most common feature seen in diabetes is increased blood glucose levels. The main reason for this is either a decreased/ absent insulin production or resistance of the body to the action of insulin or both. The elevated blood glucose levels can lead to long-term complications, especially, in the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Diabetes Mellitus can be classified into three main types: Type 1 - Insulin-dependent diabetes, Type 2 - Noninsulin-dependent diabetes, and Gestational diabetes mellitus. How does the body normally regulate carbohydrate metabolism? Carbohydrates, mainly glucose, are an important source of energy for living organisms. Some tissues of the body (e.g., brain) need a continuous delivery of glucose. Maintenance of blood glucose concentrations within a normal range is critical to the regulation of normal fuel use by the organs. This is primarily accomplished by the two hormones, Insulin and Glucagon, which are secreted by the alpha and beta cells of the pancreas, respectively. The function of Insulin is to keep the blood glucose in check by helping it to move inside the cells of our body, thereby decreasing its concentration in the blood. Glucagon does exactly the opposite. Other hormones of our body like glucocorticoids, epinephrine and the growth hormone also function like Glucagon. Which are the different types of Diabetes Mellitus? Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus The function of the body's... ... middle of paper ... ...cy. What are the complications of uncontrolled Diabetes? ‘Ketoacidosis’ is a common complication, especially of Type 1 Diabetes. It is the accumulation of ketones and acids in the blood. When the cells cannot utilize glucose as a source of fuel, they breakdown the fats and lead to development of ketoacidosis. In Type 2 Diabetes, very high blood glucose levels and dehydration can lead to a life-threatening condition called as the "non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma". In this condition, the blood glucose may rise to 6–20 times the normal range and unconsciousness may develop. Urgent medical care and re-hydration are required. Besides these, early cataract formation, decreased vision, repeated fungal and bacterial infections, kidney damage, heart disease, muscle weakness and abnormal/decreased sensations, etc., are other common complications of uncontrolled Diabetes.

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