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describing and including information on vibrio cholerae
cholera research paper
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1. What is cholera? What is the causative bacteria and how does it invade and infect an individual? What are the symptoms? How it is normally treated?
Cholera
Cholera is a waterborne acute disease of intestinal infection caused by bacterium Vibrio Cholerae (WHO, 2000). When viewed under the microscope, this bacterium appears has a Gram negative stained, with a flagellum for motility and pili used for tissue attachment (Davis, 2012). Specific Vibrio cholera may produce comparable symptoms, but the O groups O1 and O139 show the severe symptoms of cholera (Davis, 2012). The enterotoxin produced by Vibrio cholerae pulls water and electrolytes from the body and forces them into the intestinal lumen. This process causes severe diarrhea, which contributes to dehydration in cholera patients (Davis, 2012)
Symptoms
The infected individuals develop the following signs and symptoms within a short period because the incubation period is less than one day to five days. “The symptoms include copious watery diarrhea, also known as “Rice water stool” with fishy smell, vomiting, rapid heart rate, loss of skin elasticity, dry mucous membrane, low blood pressure, thirst, muscle cramps, restlessness and irritability particularly in children, and severe dehydration, which can lead to acute renal failure, extreme electrolyte discrepancies (sodium and potassium) that can further lead to coma or shock and eventually death” (Davis, 2012).
Transmission
Cholera is transmitted by drinking contaminated water and eating contaminated undercooked food. In most cases, large outbreaks are frequently caused by a contaminated water supply. However, in certain rare cases, this disease is transmitted from person to person or through breastfeeding (WHO, 2000). In thi...
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5. Miller, J. F.. "Bacteriophage And The Evolution Of Epidemic Cholera." infection and immunity 71.6 (2003): 2981-2982. Print.
6. "Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations." WHO. Version 11. WHO, 1 Jan. 2000. Web. 28 Jan. 2014. .
7. Sekelovic, Ognjen, Mathie Meessen-pinard, and Louis Charlies. "American Society for MicrobiologyJournal of Bacteriology." Prophage-Stimulated Toxin Production in Clostridium difficile NAP1/027 Lysogens. American Society for Microbiology, 25 Mar. 2011. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. .
8. "Cholera." Cholera. WHO, 15 Mar. 2000. Web. 29 Jan. 2014. .
I noticed a few graves of people whom have died of the disease cholera (Document C). Some campers may need to
Clostridium difficile, otherwise known as C. diff, is a species of spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria that is known to cause watery diarrhea. 1 The genus name, Clostridium refers to the spindle shape of the organism while Difficile means difficult in Latin due to the fact that this organism thrives in unfavorable conditions and is very difficult to isolate.4 The incidence of getting CDI has increased over the years due to new strains of increased toxin production of the bacteria and increased resistance to antibiotics.2 It is a gastrointestinal infection, and the most common cause of infectious diarrhea.1 C. difficile was first identified in the feces of healthy newborns back in the 1930’s and by 1935, it was considered normal flora. 2 During 1974, researchers conducted that about 21% of patients that were treated with an antibiotic called clindamyacin reported diarrhea and about 10% of them reported to have conducted pseudomembranous colitis as a side effect of this treatment. 2 It was in 1978 where C. diff had been known to cause anti-biotic associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. 2 It is known to form spores that resist many disinfectants; it also survives for several months on different surfaces.1 It is a common form of a nosocomial infection and the prevalence of becoming infected with C. diff is about 0-15% in a health care setting. 3 The spores survive well in environments such as soil, water and animals and is distributed worldwide. 4 CDI produces two toxins (Toxin A and B), which are cytotoxic and cause tissue necrosis.4
The exposure to the contaminated food happened during the Memorial Day service celebration, which was May 30th. According to the case study, onset of symptoms occurred from June 5th to June 28th. Therefore, the incubation period from this case ranged from seven days to thirty days. According to Heymann (2014), the incubation period for Typhoid fever ranges from 3 days to over 60 days, with the usual range from eight to fourteen days. A graph of the incubation period is provided in Figure
Symptoms, which include diarrhea and abdominal pain, usually begin two to eight days after a person has been exposed to the bacteria and resolve within a week.
After an incubation period of five to ten days, or as long as 21 days, numerous symptoms can be observed. The symptoms come in two stages. The first stage consists of common cold symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, low-grade fever, and a mild cough. It is during this time that the disease is most contagious, and it lasts from one to two weeks.
Abstract: Salmonella is a bacterium that causes one of the most common intestinal infections in the United States - Salmonellosis. The chance of contracting this disease is significantly high, and more and more people are suffering from the symptoms and complications of Salmonella. This paper will discuss about the disease itself, the current outbreaks that are related to this disease, preventions and the treatments.
The Cholera Epidemic of 1873 in the United States. 43d Cong. , 2d Sess. House. The.
Diseases: The most common health concern associated with S. aureus is food poisoning caused by the release of enterotoxins, even in small doses, into food. Release of less than 1 microgram of toxin is sufficient to contaminate food enough to illicit symptoms of food poisoning. The infective dose of toxin is generally present when food is contaminated with an excess of 100,000 bacteria per gram of food. The intensity and variety of symptoms resulting from S. aureus food poisoning differ from individual to individual, but some of the most common symptoms are nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and prostration (complete physical or mental exhaustion). It usually takes 2 or 3 days to recover from S. aureus food poisoning, but in some instances individuals will require more time to fully recover.
A.1 Concerning John Barnes, how was cholera communicated? What were the modes of disease transmission? What is the correct epidemiological term for the modes of transmission that were identified?
Cholera is a water-borne disease caused by the spreading of toxins throughout the intestines by the Vibrio Cholerae bacterium. Bad hygiene and other unsanitary conditions such as contamination of food and water can result in this unpleasant infection. As stated in the Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, “contamination starts when a person infected with cholera steps into a community water supply.” Cholera is more common in places with poor cleanliness and insufficient water treatment. These locations include environments consisting of brackish rivers and coastal waters such as an underdeveloped country like Africa. Cholera can affect anyone but is usually targeted at younger ch...
...nd headache are common; however, the cardinal manifestation is diarrhea. Fever and chills are also common. At least two-thirds of patients complain of abdominal cramps. The duration of fever and diarrhea varies, but is usually 2 to 7 days”. S. typhimurium can cause many problems for consumers when there is an outbreak in products. Some of the more recent products that have been contaminated and pulled from store shelves are, cantaloupes, ground beef and poultry products, according to the CDC. In all the cases some people were hospitalized. To treat the infection people had to rest and take antibiotics promptly.
Unlike the first cholera pandemic in 1817, the second one also affected countries in Europe and North America in addition to Asia. Of the seven total cholera pandemics, many consider this one the greatest of the 19th century. Cholera caused more deaths, more quickly than any other epidemic disease of the 1800s. It is an infectious disease that causes severe diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. Eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae causes cholera. After the first pandemic had diminished throughout Asia by1824, the disease began spreading again from Bengal in 1826. It began with outbreaks in the Ganges River of Bengal and quickly spread throughout most of India. It had moved into Afghanistan and Persia by 1829 and surfaced in Russia in August of that year. From Russia, the disease travelled to Poland and eventually Hungary, Germany, Berlin, England, Scotland, and Wales. While the disease was penetrating most of Europe, it had also reached areas in Mesopotamia and the Arabian Peninsula by 1831. Thousands of Muslim pilgrims from Mecca died from the disease and carried it into Palestine, Syria, and Egypt that year. Mecca continued to be infected by cholera until about 1912. The disease also reached Portugal in 1833, from an English ship that docked in Portugal. Cholera’s path east of India remains
Water-borne transmission refers to diseases that are acquired via usually contaminated freshwater. Infection occurs during bathing, swimming, drinking, preparing of food, or in the consumption of food that has been infected with a water-borne pathogen. Most of water-borne pathogens are protozoa, bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Common examples of water-borne pathogens are Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, and Legionella pneumophila, along with man...
Cholera is a disease caused by the cholera bacterium Vibrio cholerae infecting the intestines. Usually, the illness is mild, and for some, symptoms of cholera never even present, but sometimes, the disease can also be severe. A severe case of cholera is “characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. In these persons, rapid loss of body fluids leads to dehydration and shock. Without treatment, death can occur within hours” (Cholera Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment). Normally, in a gentler case of cholera, the infected person only has mild diarrhea. “In 5-10% of cases, however, patients develop very severe watery diarrhea and vomiting from 6 hours to 5 days after exposure to the bacterium. In these cases, the loss of large amounts of fluids can rapidly lead to severe dehydration. In the absence of adequate treatment, death can occur within hours” (Cholera Symptoms, Ca...
Harris, J., LaRocque, R., Ryan, E., Qadri, F., & Calderwood, S. (2012, June 30). Cholera. Pubmed. Retrieved December 13, 2013, from