Table Of contents Pages I. What is a Hotspot? 1 II. Hotspot Volcanism 1 III. What causes Hotspot Volcanoes? 2 IV. Examples and Locations of Hotspots 2 V. What is Tectonic plates? 3 VI. Movement of Tectonic plates Over time 4 VII. Super volcanoes 7 VIII. What makes a volcanoes super? 7 IX. Super volcanoes and Super eruptions 8 X. Super Volcanoes past and present 9-12 I.What is a Hotspot? …show more content…
Tuzo Wilson in 1963, it states that hot spot volcanoes are created by exceptionally hot areas fixed deep below the Earth’s mantle. Recent scientific findings predict that these hot spots may be found at more shallow depths in the Earth’s mantle and may migrate over geologic time rather than being fixed in the same spot. II. HotSpots Volcanism Volcanoes caused as a result of formation of hot spots are called Hot spots volcanism. This kind of volcanoes is different from other volcanoes that occurs usually at the boundaries of Earths tectonic plates, rather it occurs at centers called Mantle Plumes. As the plumes head reaches the lithosphere, it spreads into a mushroom shape that reaches roughly 500 to 1000 kilometers. These mushroom shapes are called diapirs. Most Hot spots volcanoes are Basaltic in nature, so they are less explosive than subduction zone volcanoes. III. What causes HotSpot Volcanoes? According to the still prevailing theory, most of it not all hotspots are believed to be the result of mantle plumes – bodies of warmer , and thus lighter material within that rises by …show more content…
About 74,000 years ago, Toba erupted and ejected several thousand times more material than erupted from Mount St. Helens in 1980. Some researchers think that Toba 's ancient super eruption and the global cold spell it triggered might explain a mystery in the human genome. Our genes suggest we all come from a few thousand people just tens of thousands of years ago, instead of from a much older, bigger lineage as the fossil evidence testifies. Both could be true if only a few small groups of humans survived the cold years following the Toba eruption. 5. Taupo Caldera Taupo Caldera is listed (or ranked) 5 on the list The World 's 6 Known Supervolcanoes Photo: Erick Opena New Zealand 's Taupo caldera has been filled by water, creating what many describe as one of the world 's most beautiful landscapes, but the lake itself was created by a massive eruption 26,500 years ago. The caldera — the collapsed and subsided basin left after the huge eruption became today 's lake. But Taupo is not dead. The 485-square-mile caldera let loose again in the year A.D. 181, with estimates of ash and magma reaching as high as 22 cubic miles. Today, there are plenty of signs of current volcanic activity in the form of hot springs and venting. 6. Aira
Mauna Loa is located on a hot spot in the Pacific Ocean. It is not near a plate boundary, in fact it is 3,200 km from the nearest plate boundary, and is situated in the middle of the Pacific tectonic plate. This is actually a rarity, as 90% of volcanoes are along a tectonic plate boundary. A hot spot occurs where long, stationary vertical pools of magma rise up and towards the plate. Movement of the tectonic plates above the hot spot created Mauna Loa, along with the other Hawaiian volcanoes. The older Hawaiian Islands were once above this stationary hot spot, but have been carried northwest by the slowly moving Pacific plate. As the plate moves, it carries the previously formed, older, volcanoes with it, creating a trail of younger, new volcanoes behind. The islands are lined up along the Hawaiian Ridge-Emperor Seamounts chain, which is 3,750 miles and includes Kauai, Maui, Oahu and Hawai’i, from north to south, respectively. There are around 80 volcanoes in this chain; most of them underwater, consequently the term seamount refer to submarine volcanoes. Three volcanoes of Hawai’i, Mauna Loa, Kilauea and Loihi seamount, are all currently sharing the Hawaiian hot spot. Although, recent evidence has shown that all three volcanoes use have separate plumbing systems to expel the lava from the pool of magma deep below them. It has also been suggested that Loihi is slowly moving Mauna Loa from the center of the island, thus shifting directly over the hot spot. The closer to the hot spot a volcano is, the more active it will be. The Hawaiian hot spot has laid down layers of lava, building up enormous islands from the ocean floor.
Over the centuries, the making of the Big Island as we know it today eventually entailed the growth and conjoining of six separate volcanoes, building all the way up from the seafloor, some 18,000 feet below the ocean’s surface. These volcanoes, from northwest to southeast, are named Mahukona, Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualalai, Mauna Loa and Kilauea, and become younger as one moves north to south. Mahukona Volcano, just off the Big Island’s northwest coast, was the first volcano to start forming. Now submerged beneath the surface of the ocean because it is sinking into the Earth’s crust under its own vast weight, Mahukona is no longer visible. As the Pacific Plate slowly continued moving northwestward over the hotspot, the location of the rising magma moved relatively southeastward, and through time the rest of the Big Island volcanoes formed along that path.After Mahukona, Kohala Volcano, the precursor to today’s Kohala Mountain, erupted next. As Kohala Volcano emerged from the sea and joined with Mahukona, a much larger Big
Volcanoes. The naturally forming landforms that can look remarkably beautiful. Gentle slopes, or high rising heights with snow caps and greenery that seems to attract many tourists and sightseers around the world. These magnificent landforms can also cause major destruction and can produce forces that can explode, burn, and create a great deal of damage. Two of these extravagant wonders of the world is the Mount Saint Helens composite volcano in Washington, US, and the Mauna Loa shield volcano in Hawaii, US. These landforms have a eruption history of many colors. One has a great power in eruption, but another has a eruption that is quiet and gentle. In comparing these two volcanoes there are many likes, and dislikes, to consider. So the following
Basalt forms due to the partial melting of the layer of the mantle called the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is the plastic zone of the mantle beneath the rigid lithosphere. Mantle plumes coming from the mesosphere can cause the asthenosphere to melt with heat or even if pressure decreases, which is called decompression melting (Richard 2011). The magma that forms from this melting is mafic magma that solidifies once it reaches the earth’s surface and cools quickly. The above process mainly occurs mainly during intraplate igneous activity which is the main explanation for volcanic activity that occurs a long distance away from a plate boundary. If the tectonic plate above the mantle plume is moving it can create a string of volcanic activity such as in Hawaii. See Fig 2.
Volcanoes form in destructive and constructive areas on Earth. They form when plates in Earth’s core (tectonic plates) force molten rock, gases and ash to Earth’s upper mantle.
From modern examples and records we know that volcanic activity can set of a chai...
The Earth has a long history of volcanic activity. Currently, there are approximately 1,500 active volcanoes worldwide (USGS, 2014). Whether erupting on the Earth’s surface or deep in the ocean, volcanic activity can result in devastating natural disasters. A thorough background regarding volcanoes and their formation mechanisms, historical data, and damaging impact from previous eruptions is needed in order to understand the complicated science behind volcanoes.
Volcanoes can be very deadly but the location can also determine that. Zones are what tells people how dangerous they are. In document c it explains each zone. There are five zones by one being the harshest zone and five being the safe zone. People live in all zones and that's not good at all. Documents C says " There is an area around an active event where likelihood to be killed is extremely high." Volcanoes are always capable of surprises and never up to something good.
3. 3. Volcanoes are created because of the movement in the earths tectonic plates. When two tectonic plates move apart the magma (rocks) that are created in the mantle flows upward causing an eruption of gases. Florida is located on the North American Tectonic Plate. Which is referred to as the passive plate. This means its not an active plate. Therefore, the chances of a volcano is highly unlikely. California is located on the border of the Pacific and Northern Plates, which are active plates. This is why California have volcanoes and Florida
A volcano is a mountain with an opening at its tip. Volcanoes contain a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth.
Stories about volcanoes are captivating. Myths come in different versions, but all of them are capable of capturing yours, and everybody’s imagination.
Volcanoes are one of natures most interesting and dangerous phenomenons. The way volcanoes operate can be understood, on a basic level, by just some simple physics and chemistry, this paper will investigate and explain some of the basic physics that govern the behavior of volcanoes.
Austin, Ken, Susan Owen, Ilene Cooper. GPS and Long Valley Caldera. University of Southern California, May 2004.
Volcanoes can be one of the most destructive forces on Earth. It is estimated that some