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topic on poverty reduction
theory of relative deprivation
theory of relative deprivation
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of area approaches to tackling poverty and deprivation?
By Lauren Wright, word limit 25000 words
Poverty and deprivation remains a vast problem in the United Kingdom, charity Oxfam (2013) reveals that 1 in 5 households are living under the poverty line making daily life a struggle. The UK government has implemented area-based approaches in order to tackle poverty and deprivation since the 1960s, these initiatives target geographical areas that experience high levels of poverty and deprivation. These methods have always provoked diverse reactions with differences in opinions of the pros and cons they display to communities, individuals and society as a whole and whether it is an effective approach.
Poverty is defined in a number of ways, usually the approach used is relative income poverty, where a household income is compared to the median income and those families that receive less than 60% of the median income are classified to living in poverty (Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2014). Deprivation however is a broader notion than poverty and refers to not only a lack of financial resources, but access to services and a lack of opportunities.
Area-based targeting in regeneration and social policy has been used by governments since the 1960s. The 1967 Plowden Report, written by Bridget Plowden was the initiative report in history that believed that children were the chief beneficiary of the new proposals within the report (Watson 2013). The primary recommendation of the report was the proposal to set up Educational Priority Areas, Plowden proposed for resources to be increased to the 2 per cent most deprived areas and their schools, building up to a further 10 percent over 5 years. A number...
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Skelcher, C (2000), Changing images of the state: overloaded, hollowed-out, congested. Public Policy and Administration 15:3-19
Sure Start (2002) Getting Sure Start Started: National Evaluation of Sure Start (NESS). London: Sure Start
Thomson, H (2007), A dose of realism for healthy urban policy: lessons from area-based initiatives in the UK. J Epidemiol Community Health 62:932–936
University of Hull (2011), Impact of Social Science on Policy: Sre Start Case Study. Hull:The University of Hull
Watson, R (2013), Landmark in EducationL Bridget Plowden's Report on CHILDREN and their PRIMARY SCHOOLS, 1967. https://research.ncl.ac.uk/expeditionresearchscholarships/postergalleries/Rebecca%20Watson.pdf (Accessed 6th April)
Whitfield, D (2000), Third Way for Education: privatisation and marketization, Forum:for Promoting 3-19 Comprehensive Education 42:5-82
...an they improve outcomes for disadvantaged children? International Journal of Early Years Education, 15(2), pp.171-180. [Online] Available at: www.informaworld.com (Accessed 29 April 2011)
Merriam Webster defines poverty as the state of lacking a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. The United States Census Bureau identifies poverty as a lack of goods and services commonly taken for granted by members of mainstream society. Professor Gene Nichol, however, defines poverty from an emotional, yet som...
Throughout this assignment a variety of terminology will be used, first it is appropriate to define what the term ‘Social Policy’ means. Social policy can be defined in different ways and ‘there is no established or agreed definition of social policy’ (Baldock et, al., 1999:21). From reading different books on social policy, the author’s understanding of social policy is it provides guidelines to deal with social problems . Social problems are matters which direct...
Poverty is lack of money to the point that the individual cannot afford their basic needs. There are two types of poverty, which are absolute and relative. Absolute poverty is lack of basic needs for a long period of time that puts your life in danger, which opposes with relative poverty, which covers the vital and biological needs like food, clean water, and basic housing. (poverties.org, 2011)
Over the last 10 years or so, the way of looking at the concepts like poverty and social exclusion has changed by a million miles. More and more people are drawn towards the idea of thinking about such things in a more detailed manner so as to gain a deeper understanding of it. For that is the only way, we can actually move towards truly dealing with them, instead of being the bird that puts its most sincere efforts in trying to catch the horizon which always moves away from it. The reason behind this shift in people’s mentalities is the broad acknowledgment that poverty is about more than just low incomes. What lies at the heart of how most people understand ‘poverty’ are their observations of instances of lower than reasonably required consumption and inadequate living standards. Aspects of poor health, a shortened lifespan, limited access to education, knowledge and information, and powerlessness in various domains are also associations that this term has conjured up.
“For most Americans, the word ‘poverty’ suggests destitution: an inability to provide a family with nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter” (Rector, 2007). Poverty can be socially defined through severe deprivation of education, food, safe water, sanitation, and health care regardless of one’s income. The U.S. Department of Health and human Services periodically updates poverty guidelines and depending on what state you live in the guidelines range.
Poverty is a social issue that has be a problem for humanity since the beginning of time. Poverty has been a consistent and ongoing problem throughout history all over the world (Rasheed, 2013). No matter what the society is like or the median salary inside that society there have always been people who are homeless and starving (Rasheed, 2013). Despite the United States being a modern, developed country we still struggle with poverty and unemployment (Rasheed, 2013). Every day there are people struggling to find food, clothing and shelter. This problem in society has various effects on different government institutions (Rasheed, 2013). The federal government measures poverty by the numbers (Rasheed, 2013). “In 2007, the federal “poverty line” was set at $16,530 for a family of three and $21,203 for a family of four (USCB) (Rasheed, 2013).” If a family makes less money a year than they can live on they are officially classified as poor (Rasheed, 2013). “According to the Census Bureau, about 12.3 percent of all Americans were living in poverty in 2006 (Rasheed, 2013).” That means there are 36 million people at or below poverty level in the United States (Rasheed, 2013).
Poverty is general scarcity, dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes social, economic, and political elements (Google definition). There are two types of poverty, absolute poverty and relative poverty. Absolute poverty is measured relative to a fixed standard of living that is consistent over time and between countries. Relative poverty on the other hand is measured relative to the living standards in some particular society and varies both over time and between societies as
It varies in definition from one person to another. (Mills, 2000) However, the kind of poverty I will be talking about is the situation that comes to one’s mind on hearing the word; lack of basic needs and living from hand to mouth. This was a situation that I was in some time back not out of choice though. I was unlucky just as many kids born in a poor family where my parents aren’t really earning much and in that event one of the parents or both dies.
Kennedy A. (2014) Castle Vale Housing Action Trust: Lessons in Regenerating Communities Lecture, University of Birmingham.
Poverty is general scarcity or dearth, or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes social, economic, and political elements. Poverty seems to be chronic or temporary, and most of the time it is closely related to inequality. As a dynamic concept, poverty is changing and adapting according to consumption patterns, social dynamics and technological change. Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter and health care.
Walsh, M., Stephens, P and Moore, S (2005)Social Policy and Welfare, Cheltenham, Stanley Thrones Publishers Ltd
...he city have grown far larger than anyone would have imagined. It is not just an urban area that has its own concentrated problems, those problems are now directly involved with it’s suburban parters. The sooner this is realized, the sooner Americans can get to work to grow their areas smartly and soundly. The sooner communities share the revenue that is generated through non resident communal traffic, the sooner they can directly take stake in the all their regions can create and offer. The sooner that space is used effectively within their existing boundaries, the sooner communities can function as a greater neighborhood. As the cities continue to rise, so too will they continue to expand. The only way to make this function work for the good of all who share its amenities, is to implement regionalism into our governing policies.
In conclusion of my definitions of poor and poverty is that to get the true definiton of poverty you have to think about the many other definitions and include all of them together and then decide when and how you can say that you or anyone else are actually considered to be poor or in poverty. It takes a lot of thought in thinking of what each of these words mean and many things should be taken into consideration before applying them.
Poverty is generally defined as a state of deprivation in well-being. The conventional perspective connects well-being basically to control over commodities, so the poor are individuals who do not have sufficient income or consumption to place them above some adequate bare minimum threshold (Lyman et al, 2004). Poverty is also tied to a particular type of consumption, for instance people may be considered health poor, house poor or food poor. The poverty dimensions can often be determined directly. For instance it can be measured by assessing malnutrition or levels of literacy (Alla...