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historical background of mental health
discuss the history of nursing
jean watson description of her theory of caring
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This writer is going to explore two different western nursing theories that were shaped by philosophy, politics, history and society and view the revolutionary application of the theories in the modern world. In the beginning of a journey to a psychiatric nursing career, a student needs to consider nurses of the past, and present, and the theories they developed. Nursing is constantly evolving and the nursing theories evolve in response to society’s evolution.(Barker,2009) Historically politics shaped society, and its view of the mentally ill. In the past, psychiatric nursing relied on the physicians/psychiatrists biomedical theory to mental illness. This writer suggests that today in response to the changing world that nurse theories will revolutionize treatment of the mental health consumer. The World Health Organization lists what world changes have occurred, and how health care needs to change in response to the world.(Barker,2009) WHO lists these changes in relevance to psychiatric nursing and the need for flexible mental healthcare, to address our changing society.(Barker,2009) The population is older and growing this requires a larger number of mental health nurses to respond.(Barker,2009) There are a larger number of mental illnesses identified by the DSM today than in the past.(Barker,2009) This definitely suggests, that a more psychosocial approach is needed in response, rather than the traditional biomedical “cure”. Ethnic and cultural diversity requires nurses to be more creative in applying theory to nursing.(Barker,2009) More links are being made between mental health and the changing society we live in. New technology demands that a psychiatric nurse apply new knowledge in their profession.(...
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...n, G. (2008). Focusing, Intersubjectivity, and “Therapeutic Intersubjectivity.” Existential Analysis: Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis, 19(1), 58-72. Retrieved from EBSCOhost
Cara, C. (2003). A pragmatic view of Jean Watson’s caring theory. International Journal for Human Caring, 7(3), 51-61. Retrieved from EBSCOhost
Spencer, I. (2000). Lessons from history: the politics of psychiatry in the USSR. Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing, 7(4), 355-361. Retrieved from EBSCOhost
Stoep, A., & Link, B. (1998). Social class, ethnicity, and mental illness: the importance of being more than earnest. American Journal of Public Health, 88(9), 1396-1402. Retrieved from EBSCOhostLowenstein, L., & MacCulloch, T. (2009). Do the Causes of Psychotic Symptoms Matter?. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30(11), 723-725. doi:10.3109/01612840903177464
In conclusion, Jean Watson’s theory of caring, a middle-range theory, provides essential framework and guidelines in nursing shortage problem. Nurses who exposed to caring theory have moral and ethical obligations to care for others during challenging situations. Patients, families and other professionals depend on nursing profession, their expertise and knowledge for best patient
Watson, J. (2001). Jean Watson: Theory of human caring. In M.E. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories and nursing practice (pp. 343-354). Philadelphia: Davis.
Mental illness has been around as long as people have been. However, the movement really started in the 19th century during industrialization. The Western countries saw an immense increase in the number and size of insane asylums, during what was known as “the great confinement” or the “asylum era” (Torrey, Stieber, Ezekiel, Wolfe, Sharfstein, Noble, Flynn Criminalizing the Seriously Mentally Ill). Laws were starting to be made to pressure authorities to face the people who were deemed insane by family members and hospital administrators. Because of the overpopulation in the institutions, treatment became more impersonal and had a complex mix of mental and social-economic problems. During this time the term “psychiatry” was identified as the medical specialty for the people who had the job as asylum superintendents. These superintendents assumed managerial roles in asylums for people who were considered “alienated” from society; people with less serious conditions wer...
Watson conceived her Theory of Human Caring while she was teaching at the University of Colorado in 1975 to 1979 (Conway et al, 2011). It evolved from her personal views on nursing and merged with her learning and experience from her doctoral studies in education, clinical and social psychology. With the publication of her first book, Jean Watson developed the initial ideas of her theory and came up with 10 “carative” factors. Her actual theory was published in 1985, after which she further developed the corresponding nursing curriculum. In those years, Watson also extensively traveled in Asia and Australia while practiced. The prevailing influences in the nursing field at the time were those of Carl Rogers, Florence Nightingale and Leininger. Main psy...
Watson first published her theory of caring in 1979 in a book titled, Nursing: Human Science and Caring. Watson and other researchers have built upon this theory and caring theory should continually be evolving as the delivery of patient care evolves. This theory focuses on care between the nurse and the patient. This interaction is defined as setting mutual tasks, how a spiritual force may help the interaction and when caring in the moment of true healing may occur. When the nurse and patient are on the same level spiritually self-awareness and self-discovery occur. There are ten themes identified in this article essential to caring in
Watson, J. (1997). The theory of human caring. Retrospective and prospective. Nursing Science Quarterly. 10(1), 49-52.
Sitzman, K., & Watson, J. (2014). Caring science, mindful practice: Implementing Watson's Human Caring Theory. New York: Springer Publishing Company LLC.
This is demonstrated and practiced, caring is consists of curative factors promotes growth, a caring environment accepts a person as they are and looks to what the person many become, a caring environment offers development of potential, caring promotes health better than curing, prevention, and caring is central to nursing. Watson’s theory “ the goal of nursing is to help persons attain a higher level of harmony within the mind-body-spirit. Attainment of that goal can potentiate healing and health” (Masters, 2014, p.
The Mental Health Nurse (MHN) role has changed over the last thirty years with scientific experiences suggesting that modern MHNs have further autonomy (Whittington & McLaughlin, 2000). Models of nursing have been offered throughout the history as pathways to empowering practice between the MHNs and service users. The Tidal Model
To make good nursing decisions, nurses require an internal roadmap with knowledge of nursing theories. Nursing theories, models, and frameworks play a significant role in nursing, and they are created to focus on meeting the client’s needs for nursing care. According to McEwen and Wills (2014), conceptual models and theories could create mechanisms, guide nurses to communicate better, and provide a “systematic means of collecting data to describe, explain, and predict” about nursing and its practice (p. 25). Most of the theories have some common concepts; others may differ from one theory to other. This paper will evaluate two nursing theorists’ main theories include Sister Callista Roy’s
In the field of Nursing, the role of caring is an important, if not the most critical, aspect involved to ensure that the patient is provided with the most proficient healthcare plan possible. Jean Watson developed a series of theories involved with transpersonal relationships and their importance, along with caring, in the restorative process of the patient and healing in general. Although all of Watson 's caritas processes are crucial to the role of nurses and patient care, the fourth process is incredibly essential as it outlines the importance of the caring nurse-patient relationship. This paper serves to identify Watson 's fourth caritas process, how it can be integrated in nursing care and how it can be developed by current nursing
Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring is considered a philosophy; therefore, it is very broad and general in scope. Included in the theory are ten caritas the nurse should practice promoting a meaningful nurse-patient relationship (Sitzman & Wright Eichelberger, 2017).
I am interested in pursuing the DNP program because I believe it will give me autonomy in my practice and professional fulfillment that comes from achieving one’s set goals academically. I also currently believe an unprecedented need for professional psychiatry/mental health nurse practitioners exists in our society today. This essay will touch on three different experiences drawing from previous nursing coursework, experience as a practicing nurse and experiences that demonstrate my greatest strengths.
Held (2005) suggests that there is a collective commitment to care of others. Individuals put themselves in a secondary role to benefit and promote the well-being of others. There is an emphasis on practice and value. Pettersen (2011) and Held (2005) contend that the ethics of care recognizes that the caregiver must also protect themselves while promoting a cooperative relationship. The practice of care is done by expressing empathy and working on an attitude and standards which nurtures morally satisfactory
She proposed that caring and love are universal and mysterious (Wagner, 2010). Watson believes that health professionals make moral, social, and scientific contributions to humanity and that a nurses' caring ideal can affect human development (Wagner, 2010). Watson believes that it is imperative in today's society to maintain a caring ideology in practice (Wagner, 2010). Caring is a concept that focuses on having a respectful, non-judgmental, supportive attitude that contributes to the healing process. Watson's theory, in relationship to the metaparadigm of nursing, focuses on the relationship between the nurse and the patient (Wagner, 2010). According to Watson's theory, the nurse and patient form a caring relationship where both the patient and the nurse promote healing (Wagner, 2010). In general, the theory of caring reminds us that a nurse can have a great impact on the life of a patient. If I were to add a new conceptual metaparadigm, it would be the concept of caring since I firmly believe that without caring it will be almost impossible to have wellness at all. If I were to choose one metaparadigm concept to eliminate, I would opt to remove the concept of health since I think that in the concepts of caring and nursing the individual's health should be fully