An estimated 80% of people with West Nile Virus are asymptomatic (Sejavar, 2014). This is explained by the disease’s nature of attack on the host’s immune system and how much the host can handle as a result. Another reason is due to the different strains of West Nile Virus and how virulent they are (Jeha & Sila, 2009). A large percentage of the patients that develop symptoms due to WNV suddenly develop a congenital, fiery fever in other words known as West Nile Fever (WNF) (Jeha & Sila, 2009). Another significant complication caused by WNV as seen in about 1% of the population that gets infected is illness affecting nerve organs which is caused by the invasive nature of the disease which ruptures areas of the Central Nervous System causing infection in these structures (Sejvar, 2014). Neurologic invasion is usually seen several days after the onset of the systemic illness. The most common symptoms include; headache, altered level of consciousness, and focal weakness seen in different variations (Sejvar, 2014). Some of the neuroinvasive diseases caused by WNV are; encephalitis, meninigitis and acute flaccid paralysis (Sejvar, 2014). The inflammation of the connective tissue layers of the brain otherwise known as West Nile Meningitis is the largest contributor of neuroinvasive disease in the younger age groups of those infected with WNV. West Nile Encephalitis is more common in the older and immunosuppressed population. West Nile Encephalitis is a viral infection of the brain parenchyma itself. West Nile Poliomyelitis also develops as a result of WNV and it is characterized by the presence of fever, meningitis and flaccid paralysis and it affects part of the spinal cord causing major complications (Sejvar, 2014). It is impo... ... middle of paper ... ...doi: 10.3390/v5112856 7. Chong, M., Chua, A., Tan, T., Tan, S., & Ng, M. (2014). Microscopy techniques in flavivirus research. Micron, 59, 33-43. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.undmedlibrary.org/science/article/pii/S0968432813002011 8. Watson, J., Pertel, P., Jones, R., Siston, A., Paul, W., Austin, C., & Gerber, S. (2004). Clinical characteristics and functional outcomes of west nile fever. Annals of Internal Medicine, (141), 360-365. Retrieved from www.annals.org 9. Mohammad, S., & Mahmoud, F. (2009). Successful treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin of acute flaccid paralysis caused by west nile virus. The Permanent Journal, 13(3), 43-46. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2911811/ 10. Mahon, C., & Manuselin, G. (2011). Textbook of diagnostic microbiology. (4th ed., p. 418). St. Louis: Elsevier.
The purpose of the study is to identify an unknown microorganism using multiple microbiology lab techniques. Through this process I will gain knowledge on how to perform these techniques as well as the importance of these tests on identifying unknown microorganisms. This is significant as the goal of this course is to familiarize ourselves with the common microbiology tests as well as the microorganisms we encounter in our daily activities.
Eastfield College Microbiology Laboratory Manual, 1st edition, Oliver, T. D. (Book Must Be Purchased New from Eastfield Bookstore and Cannot Be Sold Back to Bookstore at the End of the Semester), Kendall Hunt Publishing, 2013, Dubuque, IA. ISBN 9781465223784.
It was stated that the fever is normally ranged between 102 to 104 degrees 0F (40 degrees 0C), which can last up to 10-12 days after being infected (Harvey, 2015). This high fever may cause one to feel very fatigue and dehydrated, in some cases people may experience a bit of sweating and loss of appetite. In addition, during this infection one may feel a sense of shivering, chills and shaking due to the fact that the body’s immune system is trying to fight the infection, (WHO.2014). The fever itself is said to be caused through the bite of an infected aedes aegypti mosquito. This may cause fever because of the anti-coagulants in the mosquito’s saliva, which cause the blood to clot. Furthermore, fever is not the only effect of Chikungunya in
There are a number of symptoms associated with quick detection of malaria they are, being irritable, troubled sleep, poor appetite and drowsiness. Soon after people infected usua...
West Nile Virus has emerged in recent years throughout the temporate zones of Europe and North America. Causing a variety of conditions in its hosts, the most serious manifestation of WN virus infection is fatal encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans and horses, and many birds.
“Scientists in Canada announced the successful treatment of Ebola viral infection in monkeys. The encouraging results were published in the journal Science Translational Medicine on June 13.” - www.healthmap.org
The Ebola virus and Marburg virus are the two known members of the Filovirus family. Marburg is a relative of the Ebola virus. The four strains of Ebola are Ebola Zaire, Ebola Sudan, Ebola Reston, and Ebola Tai. Each one is named after the location where it was discovered. These filoviruses cause hemorrhagic fever, which is actually what kills victims of the Ebola virus. Hemorrhagic fever is defined as a group of viral aerosol infections, characterized by fever, chills, headache, fatigue, and respiratory symptoms. This is followed by capillary hemorrhages, and, in severe infection, kidney failure, hypotension, and, possibly, death. The incubation period for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever ranges from 2-21 days. The blood fails to clot and patients may bleed from injection sites and into the gastrointestinal tract, skin and internal organs. Massive destruction of the liver is one distinct symptom of Ebola. This virus does in ten days what it takes AIDS ten years to do. It also requires bio-safety level four containment, the highest and most dangerous level. HIV the virus that causes AIDS requires only a bio-safety level of two. In reported outbreaks, 50%-90% of cases have been fatal.
The Ebola Haemorrahagic Fever, or Ebola for short, was first recognized as a virus in 1967. The first breakout that caused the Ebola virus to be recognized was in Zaire with 318 people infected and 280 killed. There are five subtypes of the Ebola virus, but only four of them affect humans. There are the Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Ivory Coast and the Ebola-Bundibugyo. The fifth one, the Ebola-Reston, only affects nonhuman primates. The Ebola-Zaire was recognized on August 26, 1976 with a 44 year old schoolteacher as the first reported case. The Ebola-Sudan virus was also recognized in 1976 and was thought to be that same as Ebola-Zaire and it is thought to have broken out in a cotton factory in the Sudan. The Ebola-Ivory Coast was first discovered in 1994 in chimpanzees in the Tia Forest in Africa. On November 24, 2007, the Ebola-Bundibugyo branch was discovered with an approximate total of 116 people infected in the first outbreak and 39 deaths. The Ebola-Reston is the only one of the five subtypes to not affect humans, only nonhuman primates. It first broke out in Reston, Virginia in 1989 among crab eating macaques.
The first symptom my uncle experienced was a rash that covered his whole body, followed by flu-like symptoms. I recall my aunt saying she thought it was West Nile, but it took her a month to convince the doctors to run the test. Coincidentally, the first symptom my dad had was the same rash and flu-like symptoms, so my mom immediately suspected West Nile. Over a period of two weeks my dad saw three different emergency room physicians who all said it was not West Nile, even though they had not tested him for it. Eventually our family doctor was convinced to run the test and seven days later we had the diagnosis of West Nile Virus. After getting the diagnosis, my mom returned to all three of the emergency room physicians with a copy of my dad’s
West Nile or WNV is a virus that is most commonly spread to people by mosquito bites. The first cases were recognized in and the Middle East, India, Australia, Africa, some parts of Asia, and Europe. It was not known to be in North America till around 1999. People can get infected with West Nile virus by getting bit by an infected mosquito. The mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. An infected mosquito can give the virus to humans and animals.
West Nile Virus (WNV) is an enveloped RNA virus that is transmitted from mosquitoes. The first case in North America was discovered in 1999 and it has been discovered that both birds and mosquitoes are carriers of this neuropathogen. Upon biting an infected bird, the mosquito is then infected. When the infected mosquito bites the human, the virus is transferred. Since West Nile Virus’ method of pathogenicity is zoonotic, it is not known to be transferrable from person to person.2 This flavivirus has been known to differentiate into the less serious West Nile Fever and the more severe West Nile Meningitis and West Nile Encephalitis.1
The West Nile Virus is a flavivirus that is maintained in nature by way of an enzootic cycle involving birds and mosquitos. The birds act as amplifying hosts while the mosquitos serve as vectors for the virus. Birds that become infected and develop high levels of the virus in their blood pass the infection onto mosquitoes when bit. The infected mosquito will then infect more birds when they bite. When looking at this study, it is important to note that while the West Nile Virus has been detected in at least 326 bird species, this study will only examine 6. The same goes for mosquitoes, as researchers are only interested in examining the competent species in the urban wetlands and adjacent urban residential areas in Central New Jersey. Competency
Meningitis is a disease that attacks the meninges. It travels around the body in order to reach these protective layers. It then lives in the cerebrospinal fluid. It attacks the body’s phages, therefore, placing stress on the brain. Not only does the bacteria attack the body, the stress causes a variety of conditions, most of which are related to hearing deficiencies. Meningitis attacks many different parts of the world both in the distant past and in recent years. The most common place for the four epidemic-causing serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis to attack is in the Meningitis Belt in sub-Saharan Africa.
The patient has experienced fever, chills on body, headaches and anorexia as well as sweating especially during the night. The patient has also been feeling fatigued, muscle aches and nausea as well as vomiting especially after eating (WHO, 2010, p. 117). These symptoms started forty eight hours ago, and the patient has not taken any medication except for some aspirin.
The symptoms include high fever, severe headache, joint and muscle pain and a characteristic rash that resembles measles. In some cases the disease develops into a life-threatening condition called dengue hemorrhagic fever which results in low blood platelet count and bleeding, low blood pressure, enlarged liver, and a shock-like state which may result in death if left untreated13.