Water treatment process overview
The first step in creating a cyanobacteria-directed biodesalination apparatus is selecting a species that possesses proper metabolic and morphologic characteristics. The organism must then be genetically modified to optimize ion regulation, and light regulation of the desalination process. Cyanobacteria use photosynthesis for removal of sodium from the intracellular matrix of the bacterium. Through regulation and genetically modifying the bacteria to express halorhodopsin (Hr) this photosynthetic system can be harnessed to import chloride ions. This process creates an electrochemical gradient to drive sodium influx.L1 The selected strains of cyanobacteria do not endogenously contain the rhodopsin and all-trans-retinal complex. However, a desired cyanobacteria strain may integrate foreign DNA from other bacteria cell lines, such as Natronomonas pharaonis, that encodes for the Hr protein.L3,L2 Functionality of Hr protein also depends on the expression of the chromophore all-trans-retinal which is derived from carotenoids.L6 Many carotenoids have been defined in cyanobacteria, however, these must be converted to all-trans-retinall.L4, L5
Photosynthetic cyanobacteria export sodium via active transport from ATPases, or a proton coupled antiporter.L6,L7 Through this method, an initial low salt environment is created within the bacterium itself. Sodium expulsion is ATP dependent and halts when the ATP stores of the bacterium are depleted.L6 Halting the production of ATP can be accomplished in multiple ways, but one of the easiest to control and economically efficient would be to remove light wavelengths required for ATP production.L6 Once ATP reserves are depleted, active sodium export is stopped and ...
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...ually or even more adept. In addition, applying this process on an industrialized scale will be quite the challenge. Finding the ideal ratio of culture size to seawater volume to extract all of the salt in addition to maximizing economic efficacy will be imperative for successful implementation. There are many obstacles to applying proper genetic manipulation with the cyanobacteria. The expression of Hr is naturally found in salt-tolerant archaea species, but is not known to be endogenous to cyanobacteria. While versions of this protein have been successfully expressed in E. Coli and mammalian cells1, more research needs to demonstrate that this procedure can be attained with the suggested species of cyanobacteria. Moreover, it is not known how much NaCl can enter the bacteria before some sort of cellular destruction occurs and renders the entire process unworkable.
The majority of life on Earth depends on photosynthesis for food and oxygen. Photosynthesis is the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen using the sun’s light energy (Campbell, 1996). This process consists of two parts the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (Campbell, 1996). During the light reactions is when the sun’s energy is converted into ATP and NADPH, which is chemical energy (Campbell, 1996). This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plants cell. Within the chloroplasts are multiple photosynthetic pigments that absorb light from the sun (Campbell, 1996).
DPIP will be used to determine the rate at which the cholorplasts are being reduced. The spectrophotometer will establish the wavelength of light that penitrats the chloroplast solution in turn determining the amount of electrons reduced. In the dark reactions, the spectrophotometer will measure the amount of light passing through a darker solution of DPIP and chloroplasts. In the light reactions, the lighter solution, caused by reduction of the chloroplasts, will allow a larger amount of light to pass through to the photocell of the spectrophotometer. Thus, the spectrophotometer will prove wheter the light or dark reactions affect the rate of photosynthesis in chloroplasts. We will also be using a reference solution made of water, phosphate buffer, and active chloroplasts. The purpose of this solution will be used to set the transmittance level for the experiment. The control solution, which is different than the reference solution, is comprised of water, phosphate buffer, and DPIP. It will be used to prove that the three element of the solution do affect the results- it is strictly the chloroplasts that are subjected to the light/dark conditions.
... in the chloroplasts in some of their cells. Chlorophyll allows the energy in sunlight to drive chemical reactions. Chloroplasts act as energy transducers, converting light energy into chemical energy. So as the plant has more light the chlorophyll inside the chloroplasts can react faster absorbing in more light for food and energy.¡¨ So this shows my prediction was correct for in my experiment and shown in my result table and graph the more light intensity there is on a plant the higher the rate of my photosynthesis will be. My prediction is very close to what I said the results will be so my prediction was correct and has been proven to be correct in my result table, graph and now explained again in my conclusion.
However, in anaerobic respiration (glycolysis and fermentation) only two (2) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be obtained. Now, for photosynthesis it is actually a carbon-fixation which is 3CO2+9ATP+6NADPH+H2O--- glyceraldehyde3phosphate+8Pi+9ADP+6NADP which turns out to just be eight-teen (18) ATP per glucose molecules in
Disinfection is applied in water as well as wastewater treatment as a finishing step so as to destroy pathogens but the cause of concern regarding the disinfection process is the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Natural organic matter (NOM) in water has been considered as the predominant DBP precursors. Disinfectants are powerful oxidants that oxidize the organic matter present in water forming DBPs. Chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines are the most common disinfectants used nowadays and each produces its own suite of chemical DBPs in finished drinking water (Richardson, 2003). DBPs so formed pose a threat to human health because of their potential to cause cancer and reproductive/developmental effects. Most developed nations have regulated concentration of DBPs so as to minimize exposure to potentially harmful DBPs while maintaining adequate disinfection and control of targeted
...hemical energy from cyanobacteria (the only bacteria that can perform photosynthesis) 2.4 billion years ago (Wernergreen). The first chloroplast came into being about one billion years ago when a single-celled protist and a cyanobacterium came together through endosymbiosis, and this first photosynthesizing eukaryotic lineage was the ancestor of land plants, green algae, and red algae. Cyanobacteria and algae endosymbionts have spread photosynthetic capabilities in such a broad range (Wernergreen). In other words, heterotrophic prokaryote cells had taken in autotrophic photosynthetic bacteria cells. The ingested cell continued to provide glucose and oxygen by photosynthesis. The host cell protected as well as provided carbon dioxide and nitrogen for the engulfed cell and overtime both cells lost the aptitude to survive without each other (Weber and Osteryoung).
This is basic way that ATP synthase operates. Although in this case, the enzyme requires an input of energy. ATP synthase uses the concentration gradient made by the electron transport chain to attach a phosphate group to an ADP using dehydration synthesis. The way this enzyme operates is that it allows the H+ ions to flow through it, and give the enzyme potential energy. This works similar to a windmill, where the ions are the wind and the enzyme is the windmill. The movement of the ions through the enzyme allow the phosphate group to be attached to the ADP and an ATP molecule is made. This process can be seen in Figure 6. ATP Synthase has only one purpose, which is to create ATP molecules for the cell during cellular respiration and the light dependent reactions in photosynthesis. The main goal of cellular respiration is to produce ATP, and this enzyme achieves this. ATP synthase can be thought of as the “key role”, or the driving force, of cellular respiration. It is worth noting that ATP synthase is only important if the other chemical reactions leading up to the use of the enzyme are executed
Optogenetics is a new field of study that’s based upon “the integration of optics and genetics to achieve gain or loss-of-function of well-defined events within specific cells in living tissue.”(Davidson et al. 9) Scientists have now been able to genetically modify virus’ that express their genes only within specific tissues in the body. Once these viruses are inserted into the cell, specific molecules activate the transcription of cell receptors called opsins. Opsins are membrane-bound ion pumps or channels that are sensitive to specific wavelenths of light. They are typically categorized into three groups: Halorhodopsins are chloride pumps that are used to hyperpolarize, or inhibit, the cell membrane; bacteriorhodopsi...
It is widely believed that this change was brought about by the emergence of cyanobacteria which had adapted to create energy from the sun by photosynthesis(probably due to a shortage of raw materials for energy), as a result they had began to poison the earlier anaerobic bacteria or archea with their waste product; oxygen.
“Photosynthesis (literally, “synthesis from light”) is a metabolic process by which the energy of sunlight is captured and used to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) into carbohydrates (which is represented as a six-carbon sugar, C6H12O6) and oxygen gas (O2)” (BioPortal, n.d., p. 190).
Photosynthesis is a widely studied topic among the world of science due to its importance for life and its many uses. Photosynthetic pigments reflect and absorb different wavelengths of visible light based off their polarity. In this experiment, we studied photosynthetic pigments, first, by determining polarity and then, by measuring the amount of light of a given wavelength that a pigment absorbs. We used two methods in this experiment, chromatography and spectrophotometry. For the first portion of our experiment we determined the distance each pigment migrated, their R_f values, and their polarity. Our predications based off polarity, lead to our hypothesis
Background: Waste water treatment plants are essential to communities of all sizes and must work efficiently. Waste water treatment plant primary priority and responsibility is the treatment of incoming sewage water by the removal of biological and chemical wastes so it can be treated and recycled for future use. There are many government agencies and standards set forth to govern and observe the successful treatment of sewage, such as the Department of Environmental Quality, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and the Clean Water Act of 1972. Compliance and constant monitoring of the treatment plant’s operations are important as they protect the surrounding community. A spill or backflow of sewage due to a complete system malfunction could potentially be detrimental to the environment and local community.
The energy extracted today by the burning of coal and petroleum products represents sunlight energy captured and stored by photosynthesis almost 200 million years ago. A third very interesting group of bacteria synthesize sugars, not by using sunlight’s energy, but by extracting energy from inorganic chemical compounds; In a (d) deep sea vent, chemoautotrophs, such as these (e) thermophilic bacteria, capture energy from inorganic compounds to produce organic compounds.
Safe water and sanitation as a basic human right, household water treatment, rainwater harvesting ... and reports from Kyoto, Madagascar, Uzbekistan, Guinea and other countries around the world.
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases. Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. Therefore, water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean water to consume and use.