Objective:
Main objective of literature review of the paper was to study the utilization of treated water or reclaimed water for use in concrete mix and for construction purpose. Recycled water is generally treated as reclaimed water means water recycled from various sources.
Introduction:
Due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, the effect of globalization all through the world increased the consumption of concrete in construction works. As such concrete playing a major role in development of infrastructure facilities. Concrete a mixture of cement, water, course aggregate, fine aggregates; increase in consumption of concrete increased the utilization of natural resources. Water a major component in making concrete mix as we say potable water or domestic water used for drinking purpose is suitable for concrete mix.
Scarcity in potable water is made to look for alternative sources of potable water. Only about 2% fresh water is available in the world of which nearly 96% is locked in the form of polar ice and snow. Water for concrete is used in two ways of, for mixing concrete and for curing purpose. Quality and quantity of water used in concrete will directly effects the properties of concrete like, setting times, strength, workability properties. The treated waste water or reclaimed water is an alternative source for water collected at the initial stage of treatment from various industries, domestic purposes, boilers etc, can be collected and is used for concrete mixing purpose.
Water for concrete purpose:
Potable water that is free from organic matter is used for concrete mixing. Actually water forms cement paste that is made by cementations materials by reaction process known as hydration. The cement paste that is ...
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...lution content and also compressive strength decreased nominally. As a result we can say that reuse of wastewater in concrete mixing can be made which is feasible in nature and potable water can be used for human needs.
Therefore there is a need to develop wastewater treatment plants in a economical way so that less amount of potable water is used for construction purpose and in result usage of potable water is prevented and application of reuse water can be increased. For use of reclaimed water a communication is required between the concrete industry people and communities which produce wastewater. There is a need to educate public in efficient usage of sustainable resources by recycling process and also about handling these treated materials as a result utilization of resources and also protection of health of human which are using reclaimed water can be made.
At first the Romans did not realize the superior ability of concrete. They began by using it as a fill. They would also cover up the concrete with decorated stones. The concrete they used did not look pleasing because they had mixed it with any arrogate they had available. Later, once they discovered how useful concrete could be, they used it for everything they could. They built their houses, roads government offices, theaters, temples, and everything else they could out of concrete. Concrete was far superior in strength to stone and mortar, and it was easier to make than marble was to quarry and assemble.
If the ancient Roman innovation of concrete, were to not have been significant, it would not have continued to be used across the globe. In fact, ancient Roman hydraulic cement-based concrete was so notable that modern day scientists are trying to, “replicate the exact formula for which ancient Roman concrete was made.” This is due to ancient Roman concrete being so sturdy and strong that aspects of it have lasted over 2000 years without deterioration. Without the innovation of Roman concrete, many of the modern world’s infrastructure would not be stable, causing havoc across the globe. Also, advancements in construction, health, and even safety areas would not be possible, as almost every piece of infrastructure, from sewerage and water pipes, to building and security walls, would not be able to remain as safe to use. This is because the modern world relies so heavily on concrete, with around five billion tonnes of concrete being used around the world each year,becoming the single most widely used material in the construction industry. In fact, around 76% of all first-world infrastructure is reinforced with concrete. Without this substance, much of the modern-world's infrastructure would not be as tall or sturdy as what it currently is, as it would simply deteriorate or break. Hydraulic cement-based concrete is certainly the most significant Roman
The existence of a waste water treatment plant will depend on local discharge requirements and the costs of waste water treatment. Relevant waste water treatment technologies involve neutralisation and anaerobic or aerobic processes.
Concrete served Rome in many of their constructions and was used it to its fullest possibilities. They mixed the material with lime mortar and called the new building
In 2004, plan was developed to increase the water supply through dams instead of water recycling. In 2006, focused were on the recycling water
Safe and efficient methods of recycling organic wastes as well as the recycling of water wastes from sewage systems will be implemented.
Lightweight concrete plays a major part in the construction of large-scale structures around the world, typically in bridges and high-rise buildings. With an ever-improving industry and product lightweight concrete will continue to have a vast impact in the future.
In this report, we will introduce and illustrate on precast concrete, pre-stressed concrete, ready-mix concrete, reinforced concrete, terrazzo and Urbanite in details.
The Aim of this study is to select a better choice of water tight concrete for the water proofing construction of water retaining structures like tanks, reservoirs, swimming pools etc. This paper includes the study of
Waste water treatment plants are essential to communities of all sizes and must work efficiently. Waste water treatment plant primary priority and responsibility is the treatment of incoming sewage water by the removal of biological and chemical wastes so it can be treated and recycled for future use. There are many government agencies and standards set forth to govern and observe the successful treatment of sewage such as: the Department of Environmental Quality, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and the Clean Water Act of 1972. Compliance and constant monitoring of the treatment plant’s operations are important; as they protect the surrounding community. A spill or backflow of sewage due to a complete system malfunction could potentially be detrimental to the environment and local community. A precise system, of which must be compliant according to government standards, is critical to maintain low levels of wastes that are returned to neighboring water systems after treatment.
Discuss in detail about the mechanism of each treatment unit in treating the waste water. (Note: which impurities are treated and how they are treated)
Aggregates : They are the important constituents of concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy. Good
In a traditional way, a concrete mix is designed based on the code requirements and recommendations which uses the empirical values obtained from previous experiences. Compressive strength of concrete is determined by conducting standard uniaxial compression test on standard cylindrical sample specimens of ages 7 & 28 days, following the standard procedure and test values are reported in accordance with ASTM and ACI standards . If the strength value obtained from the test is less than the required strength after 28 days from date of placing of concrete, the entire process of concrete mix design has to be repeated until the required strength value is achieved, which is time consuming and costly. Numerous test samples with different mix ingredient proportions have to be created to achieve the required strength and is an iterative process. So, every mix designer wants a tool or methodology to predict the compressive strength of concrete required at the time of design, before placing the concrete.
Water has been one of the essential factors in the development of human settlements. Especially with the increasing population of human and industry, the demands for the quantity of water are also increasing (Binnie et al., 2002). This has become a serious concerned as the high quality of water supply has been very limited due to the contamination of water with municipal, agricultural and industrial waste that has lead to a decreasing water quality. This lead to a water treatment process as public has become more aware on the water quality and it effects to health. Indeed, the water sources used for applying water were not always clean thus it need to be treated to improve smell, taste, clarity, or to remove disease-causing pathogens that can present in the water before it being treated treated. As mention by Smethurst (1988), there are four important steps in the water treatment process before the water sources is been distributed to the consumer namely, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and lastly disinfection ( refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1).
Improvement and upgrading of wastewater treatment processes and also the need to reduce the environmental factors make the use of tertiary wastewater treatment important.