Purpose:
Syngas through water gas-shift reactions relate multiple reasoning to the foundation and production of several oil and gas related industries. The following analysis of syngas will begin with the explanation of water gas-shift reaction along with related Steam Reform Reactor, and Fischer-Tropsch processes. In the major bulk of the analysis, the complete process of syngas involvement with water gas-shift reactions will be discussed. In addition, catalyst involvement will be introduced in processing techniques. In reference to processing, the explanation will delve into effects from high and low temperature shift catalyst and their compositions. In respect to industrial settings, major examples of the process will also be discussed, which includes production of syngas through multiple uses. A brief explanation in terms of economics, alternate uses, and ecological effects will also be discussed through reverence of syngas through water gas-shift reactions.
Introduction:
Water gas shift reaction was first exposed and practiced by Italian entrepreneur and physicist Fenice Fontana in 1780. Through his extension of understood chemical and physical properties of gases, he utilized the WGSR to produce cost efficient hydrogen production. The reactants contained syngas or water gas, carbon monoxide and hydrogen mixture. WGSR was expanded in 1873 by Thaddeus S.C. Lowe, where he used water gas-shift reaction with high pressured steam and coke gas to produce an excessive amount of hydrogen gas. Today, water gas shift reactions have been intertwined with syngas to produce the same products, though, at an increased demand with increases in production from catalyst involvement.
Process:
Pure hydrogen demand is constantly increasing d...
... middle of paper ...
...–304
D.R. Simbeck, A.D. Karp and R.L. Dickenson. (1999) “Syngas Production For Gas-To-Liquids Applications: Technologies, Issues And Outlook”: Chemical 143
Douglas Falleiros Barbosa Lima, Fernando Ademar Zanella, Marcelo Kaminski Lenzi and Papa Matar Ndiaye (2012). Modeling and Simulation of Water Gas Shift Reactor: An Industrial Case, Petrochemicals, Dr Vivek Patel (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0411-7, InTech,
Netl (2013).“Syngas Processing.” US Department Of Energy
Newsome D S, “The water gas shift reaction”, Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng., 21 (2), 1980, 275 – 318
Ronney Arismel Mancebo Boloy, Jose Luz Silveira, Celso Eduardo Tuna, Christian R. Coronado, Julio Santana Antunes (2010). “Ecological impacts from syngas burning in internal combustion engine: Technical and economic aspects. “ Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Volume 15, Issue 9, December 2011, Pages 5194–5201
Fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, are Carbon rich compounds, the combustion of which produces Carbon Dioxide, a pollutant and a greenhouse gas. A large amount of energy is released during this process, which is why the pollutants off products are tolerated. This process occurs constantly throughout the world, in power stations, vehicles and cooking ovens, leading to an immense volume of CO2 being released every second, 50% of which is absorbed by oceans (Oce...
The main reason people have not converted to cleaner, healthier fuel is that hybrid and electric cars are more expensive than the cars and gasoline we are using now. However, we could implement a program for selling cleaner fuel at a lower cost than it is now offered. If this program were organized correctly, the increased costs would be minimal in the long run and the benefits would be enormous. After considering several possibilities, I concluded that alcohol-burning cars are more practical than other environmentally friendly options because electric and hybrid cars or cars that run on natural gas are more expensive and are less convenient to refuel.
The tradeoffs of using gasoline for cars are large emission of carbon dioxide and required large amount of chemical t...
When the problems with gasoline use are considered, the catastrophic environmental effects are the primary concern. Automobile use consumes 70 percent of the United States oil supply and is responsible for one-third of the nation’s carbon emissions (Lovins 173). This results in pollution, global warming, and health problems for the people, plants, and animals. The search for alternative fuel is powered by the increasingly evident environmental problems and long-term health of the planet (Povey 17). Fortunately, reducing emissions globally is predicted to have a positive effect and offset previous harms (Backer).
The billion dollar racing industry uses high-octane fossil fuels for competition. Lately, ecologists and governments have begun to highlight the need for the racing industry to switch from high-octane fuels to biofuels. The concern for preserving diesel fuels stems from its non-renewal in nature; however, the racing industry should not be forced to use biofuels because of three primary reasons – performance, cost effectiveness and high infrastructure expenditure.
The Olefins II Unit makes hydrocarbons from naphtha or natural gas using furnaces. After distillation, the p...
...ch is used to replace natural gas. He also stated that, among the equipment used to burn the biofuel, the suspension burner have the ability to exceed 99% efficiency and whole-tree burner can reduce the cost of harvesting and handling woody fuels by about 35% (Brown, 2003). Moreover, the usage of bio-energy in long term is to provide a degree of ecological balance and climate change, avoid acid rain, reduce soil erosion and minimize water pollution (Gevorkian, 2007). Therefore, biomass is environmental friendly like solar energy. Based on the research that has been carried out regarding the synthesis of gas from biomass, the gas gasifies in the internal combustion engine. The relative energy density of synthesis gas is higher than the fossil fuel under certain conditions. In addition, the relative flame speed of synthesis gas can reduce the time for spark ignition.
Saravanamutto, H. I. H., Rogers, G. F. C., Cohen, H., & Straznicky, P. V. (2009). Gas turbine theory (6th ed.). London, UK: Prentice Hall.
Many hazardous pollutants escape from the internal combustion of the engine. Conventional gas powered vehicles use irreplaceable fossil fuels to run. When burned, these fossil fuels create numerous toxins like carbon dioxide (Larminie 246). Carbon dioxide is considered the main greenhouse gas that creates the foundation for global warming (hybridcars.com, pollutants). This harmful pollutant may not have a serious effect on people at first, but it does have consequential effects on the environment that in turn put people in danger (Nutramed.com). The major consequence caused by global warming is the rise in average temperature. This results in a domino...
All different kinds of secondary products are discussed in these section such as particulate matter (section 2.3.1), Tar compound (section 2.3.2), Sulphur compound (2.2.4). Although not much literature is available, section 2.3.3 briefly introduces the importance of Alkaline, heavy metals and halides compounds as secondary products. It is worth mentioning that secondary products come out from the gasification process concentrations of which in the gas depend on the biomass composition and the technology used.
The emission of green house gasses due to human activity contributes the most in increasing global warming. Today, fossil fuels are used as a source of energy for transportation, electricity, industrial process and to increase human comfort in this era. Over the last decade humans have created mass amount of industries. These industries have been burning fossil fuels such as coal, which release carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide; carbon dioxide absorbs heat that raises the temperature of the earth. More than 80% of carbon dioxide comes from tr...
Bruce Mattson. “Henry Cavendish 1731-1810”. History of Gas Chemistry. Updated September 25, 2001. Retrieved December 1, 2011
The process need toluene and hydrogen as a main reactor. Then, toluene and hydrogen are converted in a reactor packed with catalyst to produce benzene and methane. This reaction is exothermic and the operating conditions are 500 0C to 660 0C, and 20 to 60 bar of pressure. This process begins with mixing fresh toluene with a stream of recycle unreacted toluene, and the mixing is achieved in a storage tank. Then, the toluene is pumped to combine it with a stream of mixed hydrogen and fresh hydrogen gas. The mixture of toluene and hydrogen is preheated before it is introduce to the heater or furnace. In the furnace, the stream is heated to 600 0C, then introduced into the reactor. Basically, the main reactions occurs in the reactor.
Sigfusson, Thorsteinn I. "Pathways to Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier." Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365.1853 (2007): 1025-42. Web.
The reaction of carbon with CO2 is important in a variety of the applications including power generation using coal gasification and the smelting of iron and steel. Since several commercial gasifiers for IGCC operates at a high temperature and a high pressure (1200-1600 0C, 2.5 MPa). Form the existing literature, information on coal gasification characteristics at atmospheric pressure can be found [1-3]. However, only a few fundamental studies on coal gasification reactivity at high temperature and elevated pressure were reported [4-7]. The gasification of coal consists of two major reactions: pyrolysis of coal and gasification of char. Since the rate of char-gasification is much slower than that of devolatilisation, the gasification characteristics o...