Fouling in membrane process is generally concerned with deposition and accumulation or adsorption of non-dissolved matter on the membrane surface or in the pores of the membrane. . Fouling in general reduces the active area of the membrane, which primarily results in the reduction in the flux. These causes cake layer formation and pore clogging. The membrane that employed in MBR systems are usually either microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF). The high cost of the membrane and the fouling problem limits the wider application of MBRs, which has considered as main drawback. At this point of view, the present study has done to investigate the recent development in the reduction of membrane fouling issues. Key words: Membrane Fouling, MBR, micro filtration, ultra filtration, cake layer 1. INTRODUCTION Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are the most promising technology that has been dynamically used in treating municipal, industrial and commercial wastewater. The MBR is the combination of biological process as activated sludge with the membrane filter technology (micro or ultra filtration) which provides direct solid-liquid separation. …show more content…
For example, the extreme pH condition of wastewater hampers the biological performance, affect permeability of the membrane, and reduce lifespan. The feed typically contains diverse types of inorganic materials such as Al, Mg, Fe, Ca, and Si. It has reported that these elements are present in the cake layer formed on the surface of the membrane (Lin et al., 2011). It contributes important impact in the cake layer formation and compactness because of interaction with biopolymer matters (Choo and Lee., 1996). However, these elements could reduce by pretreatment of wastewater. This pretreatment includes coagulation, adsorption, ion exchange, filtration, chemical oxidation, (Carrol., 2000) correction of pH, etc. (Grundestam and Saddoud et al.,
Recently, water shortage problem becomes more and more serious in the world [1]. The desire to make a drinking water by treating a ground water, a surface water, a sea water and so on has been increasing. An electrodialysis (ED) is one of the useful methods and has applied to make the drinking water as well as RO and NF membranes [2~5].
Osmosis and Diffusion Investigation Aim: To examine the process of osmosis and diffusion. Part A: Step 1: Q1.[IMAGE] Q2. The jiggling motion is visible because the fat globules are constantly being bombarded by smaller particles. [IMAGE] Q3.
The experiment is aimed at giving a better understatement of osmosis process and the different conditions in which osmosis occurs.
Osmosis is the facilitated diffusion of water across the cell membrane of a cell. The inside layer of the cell membrane is hydrophilic, meaning water cannot easily pass through the membrane. The cell membrane has to have aquaporins, which are water channel proteins, that move the water across the membrane. If there is a water and salt solution outside the cell, the salt can enter the cell by diffusion, but the cell membrane is not permeable to the water. Because there is more solute solution inside the cell, there is less water. The aquaporins move the water across the membrane until equilibrium is reached.
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
Osmosis Introduction Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. The aim of the investigation is to find the variables that affect the rate of osmosis and how they affect the rate of reaction. The variables that affect the rate of reaction of osmosis are, · The surface area of the object, · The concentration of the solution, · Temperature of the experiment Surface area If the surface area of the object is larger then more molecules can pass through the semi-permeable membrane. This will ultimately increase the rate of reaction. [IMAGE] [IMAGE] [IMAGE][IMAGE] Small surface area Large surface area Concentration
Comment on class result with respect to differences in filter types, differences in filter assemblies, and overall on the confidence you would have in using this type of sterilisation process in preparation of pharmaceutical products. List the factors that may cause contamination during filtration. (20 marks)
- The nurse’s mistake will increase the saltiness due to the double amount of saline in the bag.
...ond sets of data concluded that sucrose, glucose, and salt are hypotonic solutions that will remove water from a cell due to their tonicity. In the final part of the lab, results concluded that water potential moves along its concentration gradient (high to low) in an attempt to maintain equilibrium. It was determined that the orange and green solutions were hypotonic as they added water to the cells, whereas the blue, red, purple and yellow solutions were hypertonic as they sucked water from the cells.
Due to the Water Pollution Control Act of 1970, there are stringent standards that need to be considered when depositing wastewater from the process. It was not possible to show the path that the wastewater would take after leaving the system, however, the pollution standards were considered. The water that was produced in the reaction were present in streams with other components such as CO2, butadiene, and maleic anhydride. Due to this exposure, the separated water will be sent to a waste water treatment plant where it will undergo many steps to ensure that the pollutants have been properly removed (Plant Design Book
Trickling Filters and Membrane Bioreactors are focused on in this paper. Trickling Filters: Trickling Filter (TF) reactors consist of a vertical column packed with biofilm supporting media.
The bacteria and wastewater is mixed in an aeration tank and therefore the contaminants are removed by action of sorption and series of breakdown by the bacteria.
Improvement and upgrading of wastewater treatment processes and also the need to reduce the environmental factors make the use of tertiary wastewater treatment important.
“Water purification is removing undesired chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water” (www.science.howstuffworks.com). The first experiments for water purification and filtration were in the seventeenth century. Sir Francis Bacon attempted to remove salts from seawater by passing through a filter made up of sand, charcoal, and rocks (www.science.howstuffworks.com). Water filtration has grown and become more advanced in technology over the past centuries (www.a...
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases. Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. Therefore, water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean water to consume and use.